Construction of the Shell 



45 



In the case of a brick or stone structure, the footing is made of large regular 

 stones, each of which is of the full width. The drain may be a porous pipe 

 laid outside the footing (see Fig. 2), or instead of the pipe broken stone can be 

 substituted. 



It is always best that the top of the footing course be at least 6 inches below 

 the top of the cement bottom to insure the latter a dry surface. 



All stone work should be well bonded; that is, each course or layer of stone 

 should break joints with the course below it. This breaking of joints should be 

 generous. In order to tie 

 the wall together in its 

 width headers are used. 

 These are simply ordinary 

 long stones, set with the 

 length across the wall. 

 The courses should occur 

 frequently, say every 3 feet. 

 A good mason will see to 

 it that they do. In this 

 way a portion of the wall 

 cannot drop out at the 

 bottom and cause trouble 

 to the superstructure. The 

 whole ties together as a 

 solid mass. 



The cement 

 used for the founda- 

 tion and all such 

 below-ground work 

 should consist of one 

 part best cement 

 to two parts clean, 

 sharp sand. This 

 should be mixed 

 fresh as required, 

 and not allowed to 

 lie. A mortar con- 

 sisting of one part 

 lime, one part ce- 

 ment and two parts 

 clean, sharp sand is 



gOOd, but thlS miX- 



f-iit-o ic /-! ic ci-tvinrr 

 tUre IS nOt 38 Strong 



as the cement alone. 



Concrete for the cellar bottom should consist of one part best cement, two 

 parts clean, sharp sand and three parts screened pebbles or very small stones. 

 This should be at least 3 inches thick (4 is better) and be finished with a skim 



Fig. 2. Sections showing wood and brick construction 



a. Brick fire stop d. Quarter round g. Vaulting or air space 



b. Sunk girts e. Part of sill h. Fire stop 



c. Furring I. Drain k. Flashing 



