Details of Finish 



to the vertical ones, the general stiffness of the member is increased (see 

 4, Fig. 6). 



All gutters should pitch slightly in the direction of the conductors, so that the 

 water may drain off. In the old hand-made gutter this pitch was worked out in 

 the gutter itself, one example showing it to have been I inch in 15 feet. 



In the machine-made gutter of to-day the pitch is slightly less, and is gained 

 by inclining the gutter on the fascia, or, in the case of the open cornice, by 

 making the rafters longer at the point of outlet. Whatever method is employed it 

 should not be made so marked as to be detected. 



Conductors or leaders are best made of copper; galvanised iron or tin does 

 well enough for ordinary work. The fact that they can be replaced without 

 pulling the house down is one excuse for the less expensive and less lasting material. 



The connection with the gutters is through a piece of lead pipe or "goose 

 neck." For the ordinary roof this should be 3 inches in diameter, and the con- 

 ductor, if round, 4 inches. Although the round gutter is the most commonly 

 used, yet the square patterns are better from an artistic standpoint, and fully 

 as effective. Whether round or square 

 they should be corrugated. This should 

 be rigidly insisted upon. The thawing 

 of a conductor choked with ice is almost 

 certain to crack or burst it, owing to the 

 fact that substances expand with an 

 increase of heat. Conductors are often 

 made with ornamental heads which add 

 greatly to their looks. 



The conductors should be securely 

 fastened to the building, and the foot 

 entered into a drain provided for the 

 purpose. It is best, under ordinary 

 circumstances, that the drain be a pipe 

 rather than a blind drain of stone. A 

 short section of piping may lead to a 

 blind drain, if the pitch be sufficient, 

 with good results. Sometimes the con- 

 ductor may enter the house drain to 

 connect with the sewer. 



For an ordinary good roof first- 

 grade clear cedar or cypress shingles 

 should be used. Though not as good 

 as the hand-shaved split shingles, they 

 answer very well. On a roof of 45 or a 

 steeper one they should be laid 5 inches 

 to the weather; on a flatter roof the 

 weatherage should be diminished. It is 



hardly Safe tO USe shingles aS a roof Entrance motive to house at PeterboroN. H John Fox 



J. i 1 architect The feature hangs together well and the effect of 



COVermg When the pitch IS leSS than 30, long shingle is well managed 



