242 The Country House 



compresses the air in the top, and, as the water cannot escape from the chamber 

 by the valve through which it entered, it is forced by the compressed air through 

 the discharge pipe (b), which connects with the storage where desired. Thus 

 we see that the water is delivered from the air chamber in the same manner as 

 when applied to the pump, and also that a large part of the water entering the 

 machine is wasted. 



It is necessary for the working of the ram that the drive pipe (a) be from 25 to 

 50 feet long, and that the fall from the source of supply to the ram be at least 18 

 inches, so as to obtain the required velocity. If it is desirable to locate the ram 

 nearer than 25 feet to the source, the necessary length of pipe may be gotten by 

 leading a portion of the connection in a coil of about 6 feet in diameter. It is 

 most important that the fall from the supply to the ram should not be too great, 

 otherwise the increased velocity will be such as to strain severely the working 

 parts of the ram. 



The relation of source to ram and to the point of delivery determines the 

 proportion between water raised and that wasted. The machine may drive water 

 to a distance of from 1,600 to 3,300 feet and raise it to a height of 100 to 200 fVrt; 

 often it will do better than this without too much strain on the ram. A fall of 10 

 feet from source to ram will raise water to 150 feet and even higher, with a 

 diminution of the amount raised. Water carried about 1,000 feet and elevated 

 to a height ten times its fall, will deliver about one-fourteenth the amount of 

 water used, or one-seventh part if the water be raised but five times the fall. Thus 

 in the conveyance of water to a distance of i,ooo>feet, where the fall is 10 feet, 

 and the rise is 100 feet, one gallon of every 14 utilised is delivered. These pro- 

 portions may be used as a basis of reckoning. A small ram will raise about 500 

 gallons and a large one about 500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. It is important 

 that the pit which receives the waste overflow from the ram be low enough and 

 properly drained so as to avoid any chance of the contents backing up over the 

 ram. By the use of the ram not only can the water lifted be from the same 

 source as that of power, but it can be from a different source; thus impure water 

 may become the lifting agency for the pure supply. 



The most common method of procuring water is by the use of pumps, as the 

 source of supply is more often low than otherwise. One can draw water from 

 a well by means of a "suction pump," but in order that it may be forced into 

 the storage the "force pump" must be used. The common suction pump is good 

 for about 25 feet; for a depth in excess of this the force pump should be used. 



Although the hand pump is effective and may answer for primitive methods, 

 yet it is slow and tiresome; this from bitter experiences. A picturesque and 

 effective pump is that operated through the agency of a windmill. There are 

 several types of this machine, which dates its origin back for a considerable period. 

 The cost of windmills varies, as do styles, sizes and the elevation of them. A 

 lo-foot galvanised steel windmill on a 6o-foot galvanised steel tower would cost 

 about $275. A 14-foot windmill on a 6o-foot wooden frame tower w r ould cost 

 about $375. 



Power pumps can be gotten which are worked by several different agents, but 

 perhaps the best of these for ordinary home use are the gasoline and hot-air pumps. 



