90 



A COURSE ON ZOOLOGY. 



The dog has an interior bony framework analogous to 

 that which has been described in man, excepting in parts 

 modified by the horizontal position of the trunk and by 

 the quadruped locomotion. Thus the occipital foramen, 

 through which passes the spinal marrow, is at the back 

 of the skull. There are seven cervical vertebrae, as in 

 man, and this number is uniform in nearly all mammals ; 



FIG. 48. 



Spinal column 



Skull 



Scapula - 

 Thorax 



Tail 



Hum eras 



Radius and ulna 

 Carpus and 



metacarpus- 



Digits- 



Digits 



SKELETON OF BOG. 



but there are thirteen dorsal vertebrae, instead of twelve 

 as in man, and consequently the dog has thirteen pair 

 of ribs; there are seven lumbar vertebrae and three 

 sacral. 



The coccygeal vertebrae, which in man are joined in 

 one littlo mass, have mobile articulations, number from 

 eighteen to twenty-two, and form the framework of the 

 tail. They are called caudal vertebrae. In general among 

 the quadrupeds the spinal processes of the lumbar and 

 sacral vertebrae are inclined upward from back to front, 



