Criticisms of Theory of Natural Selection. 359 



the first acted directly upon these structures them- 

 selves, Darwinists do not suppose that in all or even 

 in most cases of correlated growth the correlated 

 structures are of use. On the contrary, it is well 

 known that structures due to correlated growth are, 



FlG. 117. Feather-footed pigeon. Drawn from nature. 



as a rule, useless. Being only the by-products of 

 adaptive changes going on elsewhere, in any given 

 case the chances are against these correlated effects 

 being themselves of any utilitarian significance ; and, 

 therefore, as a matter of fact, correlated growths 

 appear to be usually meaningless from the point of 



