1 82 MR. BUCKLE'S FALLACIES. [rx. 



classes, and the same contemptible subservience 

 on the part of the lower." l Again, in Babylonia, 

 Assyria, and Persia, despotism was the only form of 

 government ever experienced or thought of. 2 We 

 have evidence of the same in the case of China and 

 Japan. We find, moreover, that in barbarous coun- 

 tries, like Ashantee, despotism universally prevails. 

 Going still lower still farther back we see nomadic 

 tribes always in subjection to the will of the strong 

 man. Now, for many thousands of years, 3 civilisation 

 was advancing in Egypt ; Babylonia, Persia, and many 

 of the other nations above-mentioned made consider- 

 able progress ; India even arrived at a high state of 

 refinement, as is witnessed by her extensive and mag- 

 nificent literature. All this shows that in early times 

 progress did coexist with the strongest possible 

 manifestation of the protective spirit ; and when we 

 consider that there was nothing then to counter- 

 balance the workings of the protective spirit that 

 all physical causes contributed to favour its develop- 



1 P. ioi. In Peru, according to Mr. Prescott, the people could not 

 even change their dress without a licence from their rulers ! 



a The passage in Herodotus, b. iii. c. 8083, is well known to 

 have no historical value ; see the remarks of Rawlinson, vol. ii. 

 P- 393- 



3 Bunsen's Egypt, passim. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 23. 



