270 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



the ovule opposite the part by which it is attached to 

 the ovarium, has now by some torsion of the mass been 

 brought close to its base. In this case the point where 

 the secundine is attached to the primine (and which is 

 called the " Chalaze" 6) is distinct from the " Hiluin," 

 or place where the funicular cord is attached to the 

 primine. The vessels which penetrate the funicular 

 cord, are then extended through the substance of the 

 outer integument from the hilum to the chalaze and 

 form a vascular bundle termed the " raphe" (,). Figure 

 166. represents a section of the developing ovules of 

 plums, almonds, and other stone fruits, 

 and may serve as a further illustration of 

 the facts detailed in this article. When 

 the embryo () makes its appearance in 

 the embryonic sack (or quartine) (f>), this 

 latter organ is observed to be connected 

 with three or four other large vesicles in 

 communication with the raphe where it 

 joins the chalaze (r) ; the hilum being at 

 (rf). The testa and tegmen already appear as one skin 

 (/). The thick nucleus (*), together with the embryonic 

 sack, are ultimately exhausted by the development of 

 the embryo, and the spermoderm is then composed of 

 the debris of the four integuments. 



(267.) Modifications of the Ovule, When the 

 hilum and chalaze are contiguous and the foramen at 

 the opposite extremity, the ovule is called " Ortho- 

 tropous" (fig. 167. o), and this is the condition of all 

 ovules in their earli- ^^ 157 

 est state. In many 

 cases the integu- 

 ments and nucleus ( 

 develop more rapidly y\ II \\\ II 

 on one side than on \v '// _M 

 the other, and a pe- 

 culiar torsion takes place in the body of the seed, by 

 which means the apex is brought near the hilum. The 

 ovule is then termed " Campulitropous " (c). When the 



