268 TIPULIDJJ:. 



discover amongst the rich material of this family in the Indian 

 Museum, a genus with absolutely contiguous eyes in both sexes, 

 the first recorded instance in the family,* so far as I am aware. 

 Throughout the TIPULIDJE the eyes, as an almost inviolate rule, 

 are quite glabrous or bare, with the exception of one section of 

 the LIMNOBIINJE (AMALOPLNI), in which they are closely but 

 shortly pubescent. 



The proboscis. The front of the head is practically always pro- 

 longed forward into a sort of snout of greater or less proportion ; 

 this is spoken of by many authors (especially the older ones), 

 under the general term of proboscis or rostrum. It varies con- 

 siderably in the TIPULIDJG, as indeed it does in most families. 

 In extreme cases it is very slender, and one and a half times the 

 full length of the body (Elepliantomyia). In many genera it is 

 considerably elongated, stiff and conspicuous (Geranomyia, Kham- 

 pliidia, Toxorhina) ; in the great majority of genera it is of 

 moderate length, being somewhat longer than broad. In the 

 TIPULIN.E (or TIPULID,E LONGIPALPI), the rostrum is generally 

 more prolonged than in the LIMXOBIIN.*: (or TIPULID^E BREVI- 

 PALPI), and its upper part projects at the tip somewhat over the 

 lower portion in the shape of a point, generally hairy. This is 

 known as the nasus, and is peculiar to the TIPULIN.E, being rarely 

 absent in this subfamily. The upper part or covering of the 

 rostrum or proboscis was recognised by Osten Sacken as the 

 epistome, which term he always employed when desirous of 

 speaking of it as a separate piece, apart from the whole pro- 

 longation of the head regarded as a single organ. t 



The proboscis proper lies underneath this upper lip, epistome 

 or labrum, and represents the lower lip or labium:, it is generally 

 longer than the upper lip, projecting from below at its end, and 

 bearing a fleshy labelluni on each side ; these latter are sometimes 

 considerably developed and are usually pubescent ; often they are 

 inconspicuous. Between the epistome and the proboscis is a 

 linear pointed organ, the tongue or lingua, which reaches its 

 greatest development, so far as the Indian species go, in Gera- 

 nomyia. In Elephantomyia it is still longer, but whether it is 

 more complex remains uncertain. 



Osten Sacken's description of the oral parts of Geranomyia is as 

 follows : " These consist of a very long subcyliudrical epistoma, 

 a still longer lingua, which is slender and pointed, and a labium 

 divided into two branches at the tip, terminated by slender 



* This genus is named CeratostepJianus, belonging to the LIMNOBIINI sec- 

 tion of the LIMNOBIIN.E, and is further accentuated in abnormality by the 

 presence of two elongate processes attached to each joint of the antennae. 



t In the present work I have employed the comprehensive term proboscis 

 for the whole prolongation of the head, as, without dissection, it is rarely 

 possible to differentiate the parts of the mouth. When referring specially to 

 the nasus in TiPULiN^:,.tliat term is employed. 



\ Oriental, but not yet recorded from India. 



