T1PUL1NJE. 285 



the actual ground-colour of the wing within its track being dis- 

 tinctly paler. This peculiarity is indistinct or absent in most 

 species of Pachyrhina, and seems to be practically absent in the 



The proboscis is distinctly produced, and the tip on its upper- 

 side is again produced more narrowly, forming what is known as 

 the nasus or nose. This is especially prominent in the two 

 leading genera Tipula and Pachyrhina, which in themselves com- 

 prise the balk of the species in the subfamily. It is, however, 

 reduced to an obtuse projection with a tuft of hairs in Ctenophora, 

 Pselliophora, and Dolicliopeza. Its presence is variable, being dis- 

 tinct in Scamboneura and Meyistocera (both Oriental genera, with 

 two and one species respectively), also in Brachypremna, an 

 exotic genus. 



The neck, though not conspicuously narrowed, is very distinct 

 in Tipula, Pachyrhina and Brachypremna ; short in Scamboneura 

 and Meyistocera ; almost absent in Ctenophora and Pselliophora, 

 and quite absent in Tanypremna. 



The frons is smooth or greatly arched (Tipula), sometimes 

 gibbous (Pachyrhina, Ctenophora, Pselliophora). 



The antennal scape is composed of a long cylindrical 1st joint, 

 a quite short 2nd joint which is never (so far as I am aware) 

 broader than either the 1st scapal or 1st flagellar joints as is so 

 frequently the case in the LIMNOBII^JE. The flagellum is very 

 varied in construction, sometimes pectinate in the male (Cteno- 

 phora, etc.) or subpectinate (various genera) ; serrate, as in some 

 species of Tipula, or cylindrical, or with ovate joints, as in the 

 majority of species of both Tipula and Pachyrhina. In a few 

 genera it is extremely elongate and filiform, as in Meyistocera, in 

 which genus its length in the two sexes often varies in the same 

 species, the male possessing an excessively long antenna, the 

 female one of normal length. The flugellar joints are verticillate 

 in the TIPULIKI, but not so in the CTENOPHORIXI. 



There are several genera with peculiarly constructed antennae, 

 more or less pectinate in nature, which, not being Oriental, need 

 not be discussed here ; yet it is as well to note that these abnormal 

 forms are by no means uncommon in this subfamily, mostly 

 coming from South America and Australia. Many of them 

 represent intermediate stages between Ctenophora and Tipula. 



The extra length of the leg is generally considered as one of 

 the characters of the TIPULIN^E, as contrasted with the LIMNO- 

 BILNTE, but it is by no means conspicuous, although probably the 

 tarsus (especially the metatarsus or first joint) is proportionately 

 longer. Even Dolichopeza, with its excessively long and delicate 

 legs, is paralleled in the LIMNOBIIIS T ^E by such genera as Monyoma 

 whilst in one section of the present subfamily (CTENOPHOEINI), 

 the legs are comparatively the shortest and stoutest in the family. 



The position of the wings in repose is not a good distinctive 

 character, though it has been put forward. TIPULIIS'JE are com- 

 monly supposed to rest usually with their wings divaricate (or 



