286 TIPULID^E. 



spread out flat), and Tipula itself generally does so ; yet it has 

 been observed that in the group containing those species with 

 marmorated wings (as in the himalayensu group among Oriental 

 and the vernalis group among European species) the wings are 

 more often folded when resting. Moreover Padiyrldna, the second 

 largest genus in the subfamily, forms an important exception. 

 The value of the habit as a subfamily character is further dis- 

 counted by the fact that some LlMNOBUK^S assume the spreading 

 attitude of the wings when in repose. 



Much difficulty is experienced when an attempt is made to 

 define the DOLICHOPEZINI, CTENOPHORIXI, and TIPULINI satis- 

 factorily one from the other, these groups, though essentially 

 forming one subfamily, being separated amongst themselves by 

 characters " perceptible to the entomological sense only," as 

 Osteu Sacken said. 



The extreme length and delicate nature of the legs (and, in 

 a somewhat less pronounced degree, the body also) in Dolichopeza 

 and its allies is practically the chief difference between these 

 genera and both the Ctenophora and Tipula groups. The absence 

 of the anterior branch of the 2nd vein and the double forking of 

 the anterior branch of the 4th vein will suffice to determine 

 Dolichopeza itself, but in one or t\vo other genera of DOLICHOPEZIXI 

 the former is present, being perpendicular and not oblique, and 

 this feature makes the rhomboidal cell more or less square. 



Between the CTEXOPHORIXI aud the TIPULINI several stronger 

 differences exist, although it must be remembered that there are 

 a number of exotic genera which, in the matter of antennae, 

 bridge the apparent gap between the conspicuously pectinate form 

 prevalent in male Ctenophora and the normal antenna of Tipula. 



The following table, therefore, must be accepted with the 

 intimation of the existence of various intermediate and anomalous 

 forms, although none such are actually present in the Indian 

 fauna. 



Table of Sections of the TIPULIN j. 



Legs not of excessive length and sleuderness, either 



comparatively short and stout or normally long 



and slender; the 2nd longitudinal vein forked, 



the anterior branch short aud oblique. 



Body stouter ; neck absent ; nasus reduced to 

 an obtuse hairy projection ; antennae nor- 

 mally pectinate or subpectinute in the male, 

 never verticillate ; legs distinctly shorter and 

 stouter ; abdomen generally broader, often 

 widened just before or at the tip ; genitalia 

 large and complex. Body colours nearly 



always vivid and well marked CTEXOPBORIXI. 



Body comparatively slender, elongate, normally 

 tipulidiforrn ; neck almost always present ; 

 nasus always present, elongate, narrow ; 



