22 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1905. 



turns to the south, crossing Sections 21 ,28, and 23, Township 51 North, 

 Range 43 West, to Little Carp Lake on Section -2, Township 50 North, 

 Range 44 West. It then turns to the east and follows the valley of Little 

 Carp river about a mile and a half up stream. On these lines stations were 

 established where different conditions prevailed. Their locations, Fig. 3, 

 were as follows: 



Station I. Beach of Lake Superior, Sees. 11 and 12, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 

 Station II. North Slope of the First Range, Sees. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 

 16, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Sub. 1. Arbor Vitae Swamp at Foot of Slope, Sees. 11 and 12. 



Sub. 2. North Slope, Sees. 11, 12 and 14. 



Sub. 3. Clearing in the Saddle, Sec. 14. 



Sub. 4. Aspen Zone about Clearing, Sec. 14. 



Sub. 5. Aspen Zone at Top of Ridge bordering the Bare Moun- 

 tain Top, Sees. 13, 14, 15, 21, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Station III. Top of the first Range and the 'Southern Escarpment 

 Sees. 13, 14, 15 and 21, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Sub. 1. West Slope of the Ridge on Sees. 13 and 14. 



Sub. 2. Bare Mountain Top, Sees. 13 and 14. 



Sub. 3. Zone of Pines crossing First Range, Sees. 13 and 14. 



Sub. 4. East Slope of the Ridge on Sec. 13. 



Sub. 5. Mountain Top on Sees. 14 and 15. 



Sub. 6. Mountain Top on Sec. 21. 



Station IV. Carp River Valley on Sees. 13, 14, 23 and 24, T. 51 N., R. 

 43 W. 



Sub. 1. Carp River, Sees. 14 and 24. 



Sub. 2. Flood-plain, Sec. 14. 



Sub. 3. Valley Slopes, Sees. 14 and 23. 



Sub. 4. Peat Bog, Sees. 14, 23 and 24. 

 Station V. Carp Lake, Sees. 15, 21 and 22, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Sub. 1. Beach at West End of Lake, Sees. 21 and 22. 



Sub. 2. Delta at East End of Lake, Sec. 22. 



Sub. 3. Carp Lake, Sec. 22. 



Station VI. Mountains between the Carp and Little Carp Drainage 

 Systems, Sees. 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 33, and 34, .T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Station VII. Little Carp Drainage System, Sec. 2, T. 50 N., R. 44 W., 

 and Sec. 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



Sub. 1. Little Carp Lake, Sec. 2, T. 50 N, R. 44 W. 



Sub. 2. Beaver Meadow along Little Carp River, Sec. 34, T. 51 

 N., R. 43 W. 



Sub. 3. Little Carp River, Sec. 34, T. 51 N., R. 43 W. 



5. THE BIOTA CONSIDERED BY STATIONS. 



Station I. The beach of Lake Superior at the point studied is composed 

 of outcropping strata of sandstone tilted at a considerable angle, Fig. 4. 

 The nature of this shore has an important effect on the conditions of the bench. 

 The effect of the beating of the waves of a lake is to cut into the shore as 

 a horizontal saw. If the strata of this shore were perpendicular, the material 

 would fall away from the face of the cliff as it was undermined, and the cliff 

 would be vertical. The strata are inclined, however, so that as the lower 

 part of the shore is cut into, the rock is removed more slowly, in blocks de- 

 termined by the joint and bedding planes, Fig. 4. The edges of the truncated 



