ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 57 



occurred here were goldenrods bluebells, lobelias, etc. that grow in the 

 crevices. 



The scarcity of small invertebrates and plants suitable for bird food made 

 this a very poor feeding ground. Indeed the scarcity of bird life here was 

 especially noticeable, as only three birds, the Spotted, Solitary and Least 

 Sandpipers were seen, all of which are shore birds. 



Ravens, Crows and Chimney Swifts were seen flying along the shore; 

 the last was probably searching for insects and the first two for fish. Although 

 no dead fish were seen along the shore, no doubt they are occasionally washed 

 up, and these birds were probably patrolling the coast in search of cast up 

 refuse. 



3. Cedar Swamp (Station II. 1). 



This station extended from the lake beach to the hemlock forest, a distance 

 varying from a quarter to a half mile at different places. The trees were 

 mostly arbor vitae, spruce, Canada balsam and birch, the principal forms 

 being the arbor vitae and balsam. There were several clearings in this 

 substation, and, as the bird life was different at such places than in the 

 woodland, I shall divide this station into two parts, the Woodland and the 

 Clearings. 



Woodland. 



In some places the woodland has been partially cleared, but where no 

 lumber has been taken out the woods are very dense. The same species 

 of birds, with one or two exceptions, were found in the dense forest as in 

 the open woodland, only there were fewer of them in the former forest. 

 In the very dense forest birds of all species were few and far between. 

 The birds found here were Mangolia Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, 

 Redstart, Winter Wren, Canadian Warbler, Olive-backed Thrush, Golden- 

 crowned Kinglet, Myrtle Warbler, White-throated Sparrow, Brown Creeper, 

 Oven Bird, Crow, Hairy Woodpecker, Purple Finch, Red-eyed Vireo, Cedar 

 Waxwing, Chickadee, Wood Pewee, Ruffed Grouse, Black-throated Green 

 Warbler, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Pileated W T oodpecker, Pine Siskin, Mourning 

 Warbler, Raven, and Red-breasted Nuthatch, and Arctic Three-toed Wood- 

 pecker. The Black-throated Blue Warbler is characteristic of the under- 

 growth. The Pine Siskin and Purple Finch were nearly always seen in 

 flocks and roamed about over a large expanse of territory. 



The Olive-backed Thrush, Mourning Warbler, Wood Pewee and White- 

 throated Sparrow were found in the open woods. 



Clearings in the Cedar Swamp. 



There were several clearings in this vicinity, most of them being near 

 the lake. In all of them there were plenty of small trees and brush, in 

 which the birds found favorable conditions. 



The birds seen in the clearings were, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Winter 

 Wren, House Wren, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, Red-tailed Hawk, Sparrow 

 Hawk, White-throated Sparrow, Crow, Flicker, Purple Finch, Red-eyed 

 Vireo, Chickadee, Canadian Ruffed Grouse, Song Sparrow, Great Horned 

 Owl, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, Pileated Woodpecker, Pine 

 Siskin, American Bittern, Raven, Least Fycatcher, Olive-sided Flycatcher 

 and King Bird. 



The Bittern was a straggler, observed once near the lake shore. The 

 Red-tailed Hawk, Raven and Pine Siskins were seen flying overhead, and 



