ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 59 



The birds observed in this habitat are : Black-throated Blue Warbler, 

 Oven Bird, Black-billed Cuckoo, Cedar Wax wing, Red-tailed Hawk, Flicker, 

 Wilson's Thrush, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-throated Green Warbler, Black- 

 burnian Warbler, Brown Creeper, Chickadee, Pileated Woodpecker, Ruffed 

 Grouse and Olive-backed Thrush. An Oven Bird's nest containing two 

 eggs and one young was found along the path up the mountain on July 16. 

 It was made of coarse grass and leaves, and was placed on the ground. The 

 Olive-backed Thrush, Black-billed Cuckoo, and Flicker were seen near the 

 camp, where the woods were more open. 



6. Camp Clearing (Station II. 3-4}. 



This was the clearing around the camp. It was not more than two acres 

 in extent and w r as surrounded by a zone of aspens, except on the north 

 where the trees were mostly maple. It was situated at the crest of a low 

 mountain pass, a little more than 750 feet above the level of Lake Superior. 

 It was bounded on the north by Station II. 2, and on the east by II. 2, and 

 III. 1; on the south by IV. 3, and on the west by II. 2, and III. 5; It con- 

 tained many tall weeds, bushes, and several trees, principally aspen. 



The birds found on this station were: Purple Finch, Mourning Warbler, 

 Blackburnian Warbler, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-billed Cuckoo, American 

 Crossbill, Song Sparrow, Downy Woodpecker, Pine Siskin, Sapsucker, 

 Robin, Raven, Sparrow Hawk, Indigo Bunting, Chimney Swift and Cedar 

 Waxwing. The Song Sparrow, Sapsucker and Indigo Bunting were probably 

 accidental here, as only one of each was observed. The Chimney Swift was 

 often seen flying overhead. The Purple Finches and Pine Siskins came to 

 feed on bread crumbs and other refuse from the camp. A pair of adult 

 Mourning Warblers and two young were taken among the bushes in the 

 clearing, July 15. 



7. Mountain Top and Escarpment (Station III. 1-6). 



From the top of the mountain to the valley of Carp river, there is a pre- 

 cipitous descent of about 400 feet. On top of the cliff and back a few rods 

 from the brink of the precipice, there are no trees except a few scattered 

 pines. The chief vegetation consists of dwarf huckle and blueberries, 

 New Jersey tea, bearberry and other heath plants. The cliff is nearly con- 

 tinuous, but not entirely so, being broken occasionally by gullies. Surround- 

 ing the "bald" top of the cliff is a zone of aspen which grades down into 

 the gullies, and down the north slope into the hardwoods. At intervals, 

 where the slope is not so steep, the pines form a narrow belt up the face 

 of the cliff, across the top of the mountain and into the hardwoods beyond, 

 thus surmounting the range. 



It is the top of the cliff on the eastern half of Section 14 and western half 

 of Section 13 (III.l, 2, 3) that will be described first. 



The western end of the station lies in a gully in Section 14. As the top 

 is approached the aspens become smaller and smaller and finally disappear. 

 Toward the east end of the mountain top, on Section 13, this "bald" area is 

 crossed by a zone of Norway and white pines, many of them being of very large 

 size. The middle portion consists of a precipice and a narrow strip at the top. 

 It differed from the west end in that it contained no aspens, and the pines 

 were so far apart that they had but very little influence upon the general 

 conditions. Probably owing to this reason the bird life on the west end 

 and middle portion was practically identical, and I will describe them together, 

 treating the bird life in the pines separately, as it is entirely different. 



