45 6 Plsafure and Pain from Affi < elation. [Book X. 



netted' with painful ideas ; and further, pain is generally 

 confequent on the abfence, or deprivation of pleafure; 

 that is, our expectations are difappointed, and we are 

 robbed of the pleafure of hope, for we are ever in 

 purfuit of pleafure ; but the pain is always greater in 

 proportion as the expectation was probable. Thus, 

 there are many founds, which, though very diflbnanr, 

 fcarcely give us pain ; yet to a good ear the fmalkft 

 difTonance in mufic is ofFenfive. The fame may be 

 obferved in painting, architeflure, &c. 



Our ideas flowing naturally in a train, whatever is 

 introduced forcibly, and bearing not an immediate con- 

 nedion, pains the mind, becaufe it diltracts it with 

 the variety of ideas, which are crouded together by 

 the collateral circurnftances introduced by it, as well 

 as thofe depending on the former train of thought. 



An imprefficn, which was painful, will leave a trace 

 or idea of pain behind it, and a pleafurable impreflion 

 an agreeable idea j thefe, it is plain, may be excited 

 by any of the affociated circurnflances. But the 

 firongeft relation is that of caufation. What we con- 

 ceive to be the caufe of painful or pleafurable fenfa- 

 tions will be intimately combined with thofe ideas; 

 and hence we always love or hate mod vehemently 

 what we conceive to produce pleafure or pain. Bui 

 as the principle of affociation is not confined to the re- 

 lation of caufe and effedt alone, any other circumftance 

 affociated by contiguity of time or place, or even by 

 refemblance, will partake of the pafllon. It is well 

 known that the very \tord phyfic conveys a dif- 

 agreeable idea to children, who have been compelled to 

 take naufeous draughts, and they can fcarcely endure 

 the perfoa of the apothecary. The mention of parti- 

 part of our intelleftud pains are deducible from them. Hartley 

 on Man, Prop. 13. 



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