CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. LIVING SUBSTANCE 1 



Living and Non-living 2 



Life and Death. Elemental Death .... 4 



Chemistry of Protoplasm 8 



Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates .... 10 



Physical Structure of Protoplasm 14 



Organization of Protoplasm 17 



The Cell 18 



II. THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OP THE ORGANISM 26 



Cellular and Non-cellular Organization .... 26 



Functions of a Free Cell 28 



Locomotion, Ingestion, Digestion, Egestion, Assim- 

 ilation, Irritability, Reproduction ... 29 

 Specialization in Locomotor Organs .... 32 

 Specialization in Conducting Organs .... 39 



Secretion 41 



Specialization in Digestion ...... 42 



Summary ......... 45 



Specialization and Differentiation .... 45 



Tissues, Organs, Systems 46 



Homology and Analogy 47 



[II. METABOLISM 48 



Oxidation 48 



Conservation of Energy ...... 50 



Chemical Synthesis in the Organism .... 52 



Photosynthesis 54 



Production of Fats and Proteins .... 55 



Dissimilation . 56 



Metabolism in Animals . 57 



Foods in General . ....... 60 



xi 



