IN A,PLEASAUNCE 



Norman in- 

 novations 

 and their 

 antecedents. 



Charle- 

 magne's 

 gardens. 



CHAPTER III 



THE MEDI/EVAL PLEASAUNCE 



NGLO-SAXON ways of living were 

 greatly altered by the advent of the 

 Normans in the latter half of the 

 eleventh century. Gallo-Roman, unlike 

 Britanno-Roman, civilization had never 

 wholly died out even during the Dark Ages ; hence in 

 arts and crafts the invaders came prepared to teach the 

 inhabitants of England many new and important lessons. 

 After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Prankish kings 

 had continued to build villas in imitation of the clas- 

 sic style, to which gardens were often attached. But 

 of these gardens no detailed description written before 

 the time of Charlemagne is extant. Then, in 812 A.D., 

 that emperor's capitularies were published, giving par- 

 ticular directions concerning the maintenance of his 

 numerous orchards and gardens. In the long list of 



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