ITALIAN VILLA GARDENS 



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all three designed by Vignola. The Villa d'Este at 

 Tivoli by Ligorio, the Villa Giusti at Verona, partly 

 attributed to Sammicheli, and a number of others near 

 Genoa also belong to the middle period. Finally, after 

 1580, came the third or Barocco period, in which may 

 be included the villas Aldobrandini, Pamphili-Doria., 

 Borghese, and Albani, near Rome, with most of those 

 at Frascati. 



The earliest, and the one which would have been 

 the most magnificent if its plans had been completely 

 carried out, was the Villa Madama, designed by Raphael 

 for Cardinal Giulio Medici, 

 later Clement VII. Raphael 

 was not an inexperienced 

 architect, for then twenty- 

 six years old he had built 

 the Farnesina, a charming 

 country house, and had after- 

 ward constructed several 

 churches and palaces. Bra- 

 mante, when dying, had ac- 

 credited him with excelling 

 no less in the art of building than in that of painting. 

 At the time he designed the Villa Madama he was 

 architect-in-chief of St. Peter's. As Clement VII was 

 an antiquarian and Raphael shared his interest in 

 archaeology, it is supposed that together they attempted 





