276 ENGLISH PLEASURE GARDENS 



The German In Germany the landscape school was upheld by 

 school. Kant, who classed gardening under the head of paint- 

 ing, saying: " It is nothing else but the decoration of 

 the ground with the same variety (grasses, flowers, 

 bushes, and trees, even waters, hills, and valleys) as 

 nature presents to the sight, only in different combi- 

 nations and according to certajn ideas. But the beau- 

 tiful juxtaposition of material things is only presented 

 to the eyes as in painting." 



All over Germany and Austria gardens were laid 

 out in the English fashion. At Sans Souci Frederick 

 the Great began some gardens in this style, which were 

 finished by Frederick William III. There were "Eng- 

 lischer Garten " at Hanover, at Woerlich in Anhalt- 

 Dessau, at Nymphenburg in Bavaria, at Wilhelmshohe 

 near Cassel, at Potsdam, at Weimar, and at various 

 places in Austria. These had the usual funereal 

 monuments, classic temples, Chinese pagodas, and 

 artificial ruins. 



English Even in Russia there was an English garden in 



the imperial park of Tsarkoe-Selo, which was begun by 

 the Empress Elizabeth and completed by Catherine II. 

 Here the inscriptions, temples, and votive offerings 

 were so numerous that M. Xavier Marmier remarks, 

 " If the austere divinities and the nymphs of the wood 

 and water in that northern region are not satisfied 

 with the ornamentations in their honour, they must 

 be pretty hard to please." 



