IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 345 



Further examples of Diaposematic Resemblance have 

 been suggested and considered in recent years by 

 Mr. S. A. Neave l and the present writer. 2 



9. Primary and Secondary Miillerian Resemblance; 

 Proto- and Deiiterosynaposematic Resemblance. The prin- 

 ciples discovered by Dr. Dixey and briefly described 

 in the preceding Section are further set forth in the 

 following passage : ' Every conspicuous and distasteful 

 form is a centre of attraction for other forms, whether 

 edible or inedible ; but in the former case (Batesian 

 Mimicry) the mimetic attraction is limited in operation, 

 and acts only in one direction, influencing nothing but 

 the mimic ; while in the latter case (Miillerian Mimicry) 

 the mimetic attraction is unlimited and mutual, acting 

 reciprocally in both directions, and influencing each 

 member of the group.' 3 This and other passages in 

 Dr. Dixey's important series of papers on the Miillerian 

 principle, 4 have prepared beforehand for the discovery of 

 many cases, especially in Ethiopian butterflies, where the 

 species of a single combination, in addition to their primary 

 resemblance to some central model (almost invariably 

 a Danaine) have undoubtedly been modified into a 

 Secondary Resemblance to each other. 5 Such Deutero- 

 synaposematic approach is quite independent of affinity ; 

 for the blood-relationship of a species to the primary model 

 may be far closer than it is to a co-mimic towards which 

 it is drawn by Secondary Resemblance. It is obvious 

 that the existence of these complex resemblances supports 

 the interpretation of the group within which they are 

 manifested as Synaposematic (Miillerian) rather than 

 Pseudaposematic (Batesian). G It is interesting to note 

 that in certain cases the Secondary Resemblance is 



1 Trans. Ent. Soc., Land., 1906, pp. 216-18. 

 3 Trans. Ent. Soc., Land., 1902, pp. 488-90. 



3 Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1897, pp. 324-5. 



4 See p. 213, n. i. 



5 Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, pp. 470-2, 485-7. The same 

 phenomenon has been observed in African Coleoptera, /. c. pp. 511-15. 



8 Hence it was probably erroneous to suggest the existence of 

 Secondary Batesian Mimicry (Deuteropseudaposematic Resemblance) : 

 /.<-.?. 515- 



