IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 371 



With the exception of some of the forms of Papilio 

 dardanus, the whole of the species arranged under the 

 following heads, ag., were shown in 1890, and it has not 

 been thought necessary to indicate these particular illus- 

 trations by asterisks. The first paragraphs under each of 

 the heads a-g. were published in 1 890,* but the synonyms, 

 &c., have been as far as possible brought up to date. 

 The paragraphs in square brackets give a brief account of 

 the reasons why nearly all the examples employed in 1890 

 to illustrate Bates's Hypothesis, would at the present day 

 be looked upon as illustrations of the Hypothesis of Fritz 

 Mullen Repeated evidence will thus make it clear that 

 fifteen years have brought a fundamental change in the 

 point of view. 



a. Both Sexes Mimetic: Both Sexes of Model and 

 Mimic Superficially Alike. Both sexes of the North 

 Indian Papilio agestor closely resemble the Danaine 

 butterfly Caduga tytia. 



[The large white spots on the body of the Papilio render 

 it in this respect more conspicuous than the Danaine. 

 Furthermore, it is an abundant species, and other members 

 of the same group tend to approach it in certain points 

 more closely than the primary Danaine model, so that 

 there can be hardly any doubt that we are dealing with 

 an example of Mtillerian Resemblance.] 



b. Sexes readily Distinguishable: Male Mimics Male, 

 Female Mimics Female. An Indian moth (Epicopeia 

 philenora} similarly mimics an unpalatable butterfly (Papi- 

 lio pro tenor\ but in this case the male moth mimics the 

 appearance of the male butterfly, and the female moth 

 that of the female. 



[The moths belong to the Family Uraniidae, and 

 are probably specially protected. In another still more 

 wonderful example of likeness between species from the 

 same groups in New Guinea, although the resemblance is 

 probably to a certain extent reciprocal (Diaposematic), 

 the approach is chiefly from the side of the Papilio (P. 

 laglaizei\ rather than from that of the Uraniid moth 

 (Alcidis aurord)I\ 



1 Nature, 1890, October 2, p. 557. 

 B b 2 



