372 THE PLACE OF MIMICRY 



c. Male and Female Mimicking Different Species. 

 If the mimicking species became common relatively to 

 the mimicked, the deception would be liable to be detected. 

 We therefore find that two or more models are often 

 mimicked by the same species. Thus the male of the 

 Indian Melynias malelas (Elymnias leucocyma) mimics 

 Stictoploea harrisi, while the female mimics the female 

 Trepsichrois mulciber. Both these Euploeas are also 

 imperfectly mimicked by day-flying moths (Callamesia 

 midama). So also the male of the Indian Papilio castor 

 mimics Papilio chaon, while the female mimics Crastia 

 core : in Southern India, Papilio chaon is absent, and both 

 sexes of the species (Papilio dravidarum) which repre- 

 sents P. castor mimic C. core. 



[There is more reason for believing that the Elymniinae 

 are Batesian mimics than almost any other butterflies. 1 

 The case has been discussed on pp. 353-4, and the 

 inferences to be drawn from a resemblance to two or more 

 models on pp. 354-6. The resemblance of Callamesia, 

 belonging to the highly distasteful Family Zygaenidae, Sub- 

 Family Chalcosiinae, is certainly Miillerian, and the same 

 is doubtless true of the Papilios, which are themselves 

 often mimicked by other species. P. aristolochiae has been 

 shown (see p. 269) to be extremely distasteful to birds.] 



d. Female Mimetic : Male Non-Mimetic. Female 

 butterflies are exposed to more dangers than the swiftly- 

 flying males, and we find many instances in which the 

 former are mimetic, although the latter are not. Thus 

 the female of the Indian Hypolimnas bolina mimics 

 Crastia core, while the male is non-mimetic. The same 

 is true of Hypolimnas misippus, the female of which 

 mimics Limnas chrysippus. The last-named Danaine 

 model is trimorphic, and all three forms are mimicked 

 by the female Hypolimnas. 



[Recent evidence renders it probable that the whole 

 Nymphaline genus Hypolimnas is distasteful, and that 

 the resemblance is Mullerian : see pp. 215-18.] 



1 As argued by Mr. R. Shelford, at the meeting of the Entomological 

 Society of London, on June 5, 1907. The discussion is not reported in 

 the Proceedings. 



