ALLIANCE OF THRUSHES AND WARBLERS 117 



resemblances appear to exist among certain foreign 

 species. Amongst the former imitation reaches its 

 fullest development in the American mocking-bird 

 and the common thrush, and amongst the latter as 

 represented in Britain, in the sedge-warbler (or in 

 the marsh-warbler). 



The wagtails, larks, and pipits seem to me to 

 be more closely allied by voice to the thrushes and 

 warblers than are the titmice, which Mr. Howard 

 Saunders places next to them. Yarrell remarked 

 truly that the call of Ray's wagtail "is more shrill 

 than that of the other wagtails " (op. cit. vol. i. p. 382). 

 The note of the grey wagtail, as he observed, 

 differs from that of the others. The call or alarm- 

 squeak of Ray's wagtail is like that of the tree-pipit, 

 but is more shrill. The calls of the flying young 

 tree -pipit, meadow -pipit, and pied wagtail are so 

 much alike as to be almost indistinguishable. The 

 pipits seem to be allied to the wagtails partly by 

 flight, call-notes, and the length of their hind-toes. 

 Yarrell observed that Richard's pipit has habits 

 like the others, waves its tail like a wagtail, and has 

 a long hind-claw like a lark (op. cit. ist ed. vol. i. 

 P- 399)- The common tree -pipit and meadow- 

 pipit have somewhat similar voices. Yarrell wrote 

 of the rock-pipit, that " in its habits, mode of flight, 



