DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN MIND. 451 



between Ontogeny and Phylogeny, are now compelled to 

 recognize the following propositions : The mind, or " psyche," 

 of man has developed together with, and as the function of 

 the medullary tube, and just as even now the brain and 

 spinal marrow develop in each human individual from the 

 simple medullary tube, so the human " mind," or the mental 

 capacity of the entire human race, has developed gradually, 

 step by step, from the mind of lower Vertebrates. Just as 

 even now in every individual of the human race the 

 wonderful and complex structure of the brain develops 

 step by step from exactly the same rudiment, from the 

 same five simple brain-bladders, as in all other Skulled 

 Animals (Craniota), so the human mind has gradually 

 developed in the course of millions of years from the mind 

 of lower Skulled Animals ; and as now the brain of every 

 human embryo differentiates according to the special type 

 of the Ape-brain, so also the human psyche has historically 

 differentiated from the Ape-mind. 



This monistic idea will, of course, be indignantly re- 

 jected by most people, who accept the contrary dualistic 

 view, which denies the inseparable connection of the brain 

 and the mind, and regards " body and mind " as entirely 

 separate and distinct; but how shall we reconcile this 

 commonly accepted view with the facts taught by the 

 history of evolution ? The dualistic view is, at least, as 

 irreconcilably opposed to Ontogeny as to Phylogeny. If 

 we agree with the majority of men, that the mind is a self- 

 existent, independent being, which has originally nothing 

 to do with the body, but only dwells in it for a time, and 

 which gives expression to its emotions through the brain, 

 as the piano-player through his instrument, then we must 



