1 62 EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL PROGRESS 



brained men too, since the cubic capacity of their skulls is 

 greater than that of the average European of the present day. 

 In the second place we know that they had the hands of men, 

 since they fashioned, with the utmost skill, wonderful imple- 

 ments of flint, and in the third place, we know that they be- 

 lieved in a soul and a future life for that soul, for the very 

 earliest interment known, that of the valley of the Chapelle- 

 aux-Saints, is one with those "accompanying gifts" which all 

 the world over have but one significance: namely a belief in 

 the after life and a desire to provide the spirit of the dead 

 person with objects useful to it in that life." 



A further discussion of this subject will be 

 found in the seventeenth and eighteenth chapters 

 of this volume. But for the present it suffices to 

 say that all that science has to tell us is that during 

 the later Pliocene epoch a race of men existed in 

 Central Europe who differed from the present 

 Europeans in certain unessential characteristics, 

 which, as Klaatsch has pointed out, may all be 

 found today in the Australian negro. These pe- 

 culiarities consisted mainly in heavy ridges over 

 the eyes, explained by him as connected with the 

 greater development of sight on the part of the 

 paleolithic man, owing to his life as a hunter; in 

 the massive receding jaws adapted to coarser 

 food, and a lower forehead. There is nothing 

 exceptional in the earliest specimens of men that 

 we cannot parallel today in living human beings. 13 



In fine we may quite appositely conclude with 

 the words of Professor Zittel, who in referring to 



""Facts and Theories," p. 125. 

 "Wasmann, op. cit., p. 507. 



