222 EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL PROGRESS 



urally would have suggested to them this course. 

 But Adam was now to earn his bread in the sweat 

 of his brow, as Eve was to feel the sorrow as well 

 as the joy of giving birth. The fact is that we 

 are soon definitely informed of the practice of 

 both pastoral and agricultural pursuits, for we are 

 told: "Abel was a shepherd, and Cain a husband- 

 man." Once more, therefore, the Scripture re- 

 calls to mind Ampere's exclamation when we see 

 our most advanced economic knowledge so per- 

 fectly verified in its pages. 



Of Cain we are told that "he built a city, and 

 called the name thereof by the name of his son 

 Enoch." But of what kind this city was Scripture 

 does not enlighten us. The most primitive con- 

 cept of a rudely constructed shelter probably 

 sufficed for these early builders. The erection 

 of a roofed habitation would naturally enough 

 have suggested itself even to Adam. A few 

 poles and twigs, with mud for plaster, may have 

 been sufficient for Cain's own palace. There were 

 no Greek architraves or Gothic arches with sculp- 

 tured figures. In vain would the archeologist 

 now search for it, when even the mighty walls of 

 Babylon are crumbled to the dust. And yet it is 

 with a true civilization, and not with savagery or 

 barbarism that we are dealing here. To gauge 

 civilization, as has been the custom, by the imple- 

 ments that men used, and so to grade it in an as- 

 cending scale into the stone age, the newer stone 



