164 EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



that it had "disappeared from nearly every part of the island of 

 Zanzibar, but a rumor prevailed that -it still lingered on a clump of 

 forest as yet unvisited by hunters." On sending his hunters thither, 

 they returned after a week's absence, bringing 12 dead monkeys, 

 with the report that they had killed every one, so that, as Sir Harry 

 supposed, this animal too had gone to "the limbo of species ex- 

 tinguished by the act of man." Nevertheless these evidently were 

 not the last, and even to this day a few still remain on the island, 

 but of their number and present status no information is at hand, 

 beyond the fact that Arthur Loveridge procured a pair there in 1923. 



G. M. A. 



Family PONGIDAE: Anthropoid Apes 



The two forms of Gorillas (genus Gorilla) and the four forms of 

 Chimpanzees (genus Pan) are found in central Africa. The third 

 genus of the family, the Orang-utan (Pongo) , is represented by one 

 species, occurring in Borneo and in Sumatra. As man's nearest 

 living relatives, these apes have an exceptional interest for us, and 

 their generally waning numbers call for a discussion of each form 

 in this volume. 



Orang-utan. "Mias" (Borneo) ; "Mawas" (Sumatra) 

 PONGO PYGMAEUS (Hoppius) 



Simia pygmaeus Hoppius, Amoenit. Acad., 1763, p. 68. (Locality unknown.) 



SYNONYMS: Simla satyrus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 34, 1766 (not 



of the 10th ed.) ; Pongo wurmbi Tiedemann, Zool., p. 329, 1808 (Borneo) ; 



Simia morio Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1836, p. 92, 1837 (Borneo) ; 



Simla abelii Clarke, Asiatick Researches, vol. 16, p. 489, pis. 1, 3, 4. 5, 



1825 (Sumatra). For extensive synonymy, including names given by 



Selenka and others, see Elliot (1913, vol. 3, pp. 192-195). 



FIGS.: Elliot, 1913, vol. 3, pis. 5 (photos of animal), 23-28 (skulls); Carpenter 



and Coolidge, 1938, fig. opp. p. 18; Yerkes and Yerkes, 1929, figs. 43-66. 



It is at present believed that the Bornean and Sumatran Orangs 

 are not separable even subspecifically ; at least they represent the 

 same species and are not found living elsewhere. No doubt they in- 

 habited the Asiatic mainland at no very distant time, but with the 

 separation of Borneo and Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula the 

 populations of these islands were cut off and have survived to the 

 present. On the mainland, remains of anthropoids resembling the 

 Orang are known from the Siwalik Hills of India, but there seems 

 to be no evidence of their survival to the historic period. 



The adult Orang-utan is a large shaggy animal, of dark rufous 

 color. The profile of the skull is much more sloping than in the 

 African anthropoids, the skull showing very little of the brow ridges 



