ORDER EDENTATA: EDENTATES 181 



as that of the larger Chimpanzee. Dr. R. M. Yerkes had a specimen 

 in captivity for over a year in 1923-24 and has written of its 

 behavior. Very little is known of its abundance, but one may sup- 

 pose its distribution includes the rain-forest area between the 

 Congo and the Kasai. 



G. M. A. 



Order EDENTATA: Edentates 



Family MANIDAE: Pangolins 



Three genera of this family, represented by four species, occur 

 in Africa south of the Sahara, and all of them are treated in the 

 following pages. Two other genera (Manis and Phatages), repre- 

 sented by five forms, occur in the Oriental region (India, China, 

 Siam, Indo-China, Malaysia) ; while subjected to some perse- 

 cution by reason of their supposed medicinal value, these Oriental 

 pangolins are not included in the present report. 



Giant Pangolin or Scaly Anteater. Pangolin geant (Fr.). 

 Riesenschuppentier (Ger.) 



SMUTSIA GIGANTEA Illiger 



Manis gigantea Illiger, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wissen. Berlin, physik. Kl., 1804- 



1811, p. 84, 1815. (Guinea = West Africa.) 

 FIGS.: Buttikofer, 1890, vol. 2, p. 394, fig.; Beddard, 1902, p. 190, fig. 109; 



Schubotz, 1912, p. 357, fig.; Bequaert, 1922, pi. 24, fig. 2, pi. 25, fig. 2; 



Schouteden, 1930, p. [14], fig. 3a; Halt, 19346, pis. 32-34, and 1934c, 



p. 727, upper fig., p. 729, fig.; Rosevear, 1937, p. 12, fig. 2. 



The various species of African pangolins do not appear to be 

 numerous anywhere. They are in considerable demand among the 

 natives, and active hunting keeps down their numbers. All forms 

 are placed in Schedule B under the London Convention of 1933. 



In all African pangolins "no hairs project between the scales, the 

 median dorsal row of scales does not extend to the tail tip, and 

 there is no external pinna of the ear." In S. gigantea and S. tem- 

 minckii "the belly is naked, the preaxial surface of the fore limb 

 bears scales to the base of the claws, the tail is massive and bears 

 no naked subterminal pad." In the former "there are 12 to 15 

 scales in the median dorsal row of the tail. . . . The scales of the 

 head, neck, shoulders, arm, and hind legs are dominantly dark olive- 

 brown. This color shades gradually into avellaneous over the dorsal 

 region. . . . Over the tail a deep Roman green assumes increasing 

 prominence in the apical part of the scale. . . . The species is hair- 

 less, except for a dense ring of short, circumorbital bristles and a 

 patch of similar hairs in front of the auditory meatus." The tail 



