ORDER PERISSODACTYLA I ODD-TOED UNGULATES 325 



extending north to the Urungu River and Kobdo ; east to longitude 

 90-91 E.; south to latitude 46 N.; and west to longitude 84 E. 

 [=86?]. (This range is too restricted on the east and south.) 



In 1899 three newborn foals were captured and in the following 

 year were brought to the estate of Herr Falz-Fein in Ascania Nova, 

 southern Russia (Salensky, 1902, p. 20) . 



In 1901 Carl Hagenbeck sent a large expedition to Dzungaria for 

 Wild Horses. His animals were caught in three different districts 

 lying south of the Mongolian city of Kobdo. In the west the area 

 consists of a wide plain, bordered on the east by the Altai Mountains. 

 It is bordered on the north by the Kui-Kuius River, and on the 

 south by the Urungu River, both of which rise in the Altai and 

 discharge into the Tusgul [Ulungur?] Lake. This lake forms the 

 western boundary of the plain. The second area is a plain which 

 lies about 322 km. south of Kobdo and is enclosed by the Altai 

 Mountains. The third group comes from the vicinity of Zagan Nor 

 [apparently near long. 95 E.]. Foals from the three groups differ 

 in color characters, though quite alike in general appearance 

 (Wrangel, 1908, vol. 1, pp. 2-3) . 



The foals are dropped between the end of April and May 20. Their 

 capture takes place as follows. Hundred of Mongols lie in ambush 

 behind hills. As soon as they see a considerable number of mares 

 and foals together, they rush upon them with loud cries. Since the 

 foals can not keep up with the fleeing mares, the Mongols soon catch 

 them with nooses on long poles. They are then conducted to near-by 

 corrals, where Mongolian mares are ready to take over the duties 

 of foster-mothers. Of the animals thus captured by the Hagen- 

 beck expedition, 28 arrived in Hamburg in 1901 (Wrangel, 1908, 

 vol. 1, p. 4) . 



"There is no doubt that the wild-horse . . . also inhabits the 

 northern portions of that region [ Dzungaria]. We were never lucky 

 enough to see any, but the natives, both Kalmuk and Kazak, all 

 told the same tale, often volunteering the information that, in 

 addition to the kulon, there were wild-horses. . . . They said, the 

 meat was not so good [as the kulon 's]. They told us that there 

 were large herds of them in the vicinity of Lake Ulungur, and east- 

 wards along the southern foot of the Altai; also north of that range." 

 (J. H. Miller, in Carruthers, 1913, p. 608.) 



From a point on the north side of the Altai, about 100 miles west 

 of Ikhe Bogdo, R. C. Andrews reports (1926, p. 322) : "The wild 

 . . . horses were two hundred miles to the southwest, they [some 

 Chinese caravan men] said, just above the border of Chinese 

 Turkestan." 



Morden writes (1927, p. 286) concerning a place in eastern Dzun- 

 garia, northeast of Kucheng: "Around the spring, which our men 



