390 EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



Loch also gives (p. 146) an estimate of 66 specimens living at 

 present, including 4 in Burma, 6 in the Malay States, 6 in Sumatra, 

 24 in Java, 8 in Siam, and 18 in Indo-China. 



Sumatra ii Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros de Sumatra (Fr.) 



DlCERORHINUS SUMATRENSIS SUMATRENSIS (G. Fischer) 



[Rhinoceros] sumatrensis G. Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. 3, p. 301, 1814. (Based 

 upon "the double horned rhinoceros of Sumatra" of Bell, Philos. Trans. 

 Royal Soc. London 1793, pt. 1, p. 3, pis. 2-4, 1793; "about ten miles 

 from Fort Marlborough," Sumatra.) 



FIGS.: Bell, 1793, pi. 2; Temminck, Natuurl. Geschiedenis Nederl. overz. 

 bezittingen, Zool., Mammalia, pi. 34, 1839-44 ; Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mammif ., 

 pt. 2, pi. 31, 1855; Elliot, 1907, p. 105, fig. 25; Mjoberg, 1930, pi. 2. 



This typical subspecies of the two-horned Sumatran Rhinoceros, 

 occurring in Sumatra and Borneo, has very seriously declined in 

 numbers. 



It is said to be distinguished from the form of the Malay Penin- 

 sula by skull differences and also by its grayish instead of blackish 

 color (J. E. Gray, 1873, pp. 358-359). According to Bell's original 

 description (1809, pp. 283-284), the general color is brownish ash; 

 belly between the legs and folds of skin dirty flesh-colored; ears 

 small and pointed, edged with short black hair; upper lip pointed and 

 prehensile; whole skin rough and covered very thinly with short 

 black hair; tail covered with long hair; a fold of skin behind the 

 shoulder, and others on the lower side of the neck. Height of male at 

 shoulder, 4 feet 4 inches; length from tip of nose to end of tail, 8 feet 

 5 inches; anterior horn, about 9 inches; posterior horn, 4 inches. 



Sumatra. Heynsius-Viruly and Van Heurn (1936, pp. 40-41) 

 refer to early records by Bell (1793) , Marsden (1811) , Raffles (1822) , 

 and Neumann (1885). 



In 1906 W. L. Abbott (in Lyon, 1908, p. 623) found rhinoceroses 

 (species not determined) common on the mainland in Eastern 

 Sumatra opposite Pulo Rupat. The following remarks of Dammer- 

 man (1929, pp. 7-9) apply to two species: 



The rhinoceroses need protection urgently. The Javanese species (Rhinoceros 

 sondaicus) has decreased so considerably that its number for Java has been 

 estimated at hardly more than a few dozens, and also the Sumatra kind (Rh. 

 sumatrensis) is strongly on the decline. These animals, besides being a victim 

 to big-game hunting, are taken by the natives for the sake of their horns 

 .... These horns are highly valued by the Chinese, at some hundred guilders 

 a piece, and are used for a secret medicine. . . . The exported horns go 

 mostly to Singapore, only a small quantity goes directly to China. ... In 

 the islands outside Java the rhinoceroses remained pretty much unprotected 

 up to the present. The principal port for export of this product is Tandjoeng- 

 selor in East Borneo. . . . We see by the given prices, which vary between 

 200 and 400 guilders a kilogram, what large sums the Chinese will spend for 

 these horns. We do not possess exact figures about the weight of rhinoceros 

 horns, but it is improbable that the weight of the two horns of the Sumatra 



