456 EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



northeast of Semiretchie, but is absent in the Alexandrovsk Range. 

 Its occurrence in the coniferous forests of the mountains is sporadic 

 but not numerous, although a certain increase has been observed 

 during the last 15 years. Hunting is not allowed. 



Domestication. "A maral stag, if caught when young, is very 

 easily tamed; the one seen by me in Vernoe [in the Alatau region] 

 followed its master like a dog, and was also very friendly with 

 strangers. . . . Sometimes it ran about the town, and, in fact, 

 knew the streets very well indeed, as it came home by itself and 

 never lost its way. 



"M. W. P. Semenoff also kept a stag for about six years. It was 

 always allowed to run about at liberty, sometimes keeping in the 

 mountains for several days, but always coming back again. During 

 the breeding-season it associated with the wild deer; but after this 

 season was over it came back again to stables, which it very seldom 

 left during the winter." (Severtzoff, 1876, p. 384.) 



Red Deer of Central Spain. Ciervo (Sp.) 



CERVUS ELAPHUS BOLIVARI Cabrera 



Cervus elaphus Bolivari Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat. [Madrid], 



vol. 11, p. 558, 1911. ("El Pardo," Madrid, Spain.) 

 FIGS.: Chapman and Buck, 1910, pis. facing pp. 162, 172, and figs, on pp. 168, 



169; Cabrera, 1914, pi. 21. 



This Red Deer seems to be declining seriously in numbers. 



The ochraceous rump patch is bordered with a dark zone, as in 

 C. e. atlanticus; antlers as large as in the latter; winter pelage paler 

 and without a mane. Head and body, 2,150 mm. ; height at shoulder, 

 1,120 mm.; antlers along outside curve, 1,110 mm. (Cabrera, 1911, 

 pp. 558-559.) 



The range includes the mountainous interior of the Iberian Pen- 

 insula, from Aragon (where it is very rare and has disappeared in 

 many localities) , the Sierra de la Demanda, and the Montes de Leon, 

 south to the Sierra Morena in Andalusia; and from Portugal to 

 the Serrania de Cuenca. In the greater part of this area it is found 

 only in certain mountains, as in the Provinces of Madrid and 

 Segovia, where it has become restricted to the royal country seats 

 of El Pardo and Rio Frio; in Portugal, outside of the mountains 

 of the district of Castello Branco, it seems to be met with only in 

 some enclosures of Lisbon. It is still abundant, however, in the 

 Sierra de Grata (Las Hurdes) , in some mountains of the Provinces 

 of Caceres and Badajoz, and especially in the Montes de Toledo and 

 in the Sierra Morena and its spurs. (Cabrera, 1914, pp. 339-340.) 



"All lands in which deer are found, both on mountain and plain, 

 are preserved" (Chapman and Buck, 1893, p. 437) . 



