ORDER ARTIODACTYLA : EVEN-TOED UNGULATES 473 



ment of a Reindeer industry in the southern mountains of Norway 

 had to be given up on account of this beast of prey. The Reindeer 

 can protect itself to some extent against the Wolf, less with its 

 antlers than with blows of its forefeet. 



The Wolverine stands next to the Wolf as a Reindeer enemy. 

 It creeps up on its prey or lies in ambush for it. At calving time 

 it is extremely dangerous to the doe and its offspring. 



In summer Reindeer suffer greatly from plagues of flies and mos- 

 quitoes (Tabanidae and Culicidae) and even succumb to their 

 attacks. Both wild and domestic stock suffer. Warbles of Oestridae 

 also are serious pests, rendering meat and hides more or less unfit 

 for human use. Cephenomyia nasalis deposits its living larvae in 

 the nostrils of the Reindeer; this is a very serious pest, sometimes 

 causing death. Reindeer are also infested with various cestodes 

 and nematodes. Domestic animals are sometimes decimated by a 

 disease called "Siberian plague." 



Domestication and acclimatization. The domestication of the 

 Scandinavian Reindeer by the Lapps is too familiar and too lengthy 

 a theme to require discussion here. (Cf. Laufer, 1917.) The various 

 successful and unsuccessful acclimatization experiments in other 

 countries (chiefly with this domesticated form) may, however, be 

 briefly mentioned here. The information is derived mainly from 

 Jacobi (1931, pp. 158-165). 



Between 1771 and 1787, a hundred Reindeer were brought to 

 Iceland from Finnmark and released in two different areas. By the 

 beginning of the nineteenth century they had so greatly increased 

 that they caused great damage by overgrazing. In 1817 hunting 

 was permitted, and this greatly reduced the number on the Reikjan 

 Peninsula. In the hard winter of 1880-81 the greater part of these 

 perished. By the end of the century only 15-20 were left. On the 

 other hand, the herds in the interior flourished, and about 1888 their 

 numbers were estimated at 700-1,000. After 1860 the fine stand was 

 decimated by English hunters. By 1902 they were reduced again 

 to about 150. According to Laufer (1917, p. 144), the Norwegian 

 Reindeer introduced into Iceland were wild stock; they are now 

 almost exterminated. 



In 1816 three Reindeer of the Samoyed race were imported from 

 Archangel and released in the Orkneys, but they did not survive. 

 About 1820 Bullock introduced about 200 animals from time to 

 time in the Pentland Highlands of Scotland, but they gradually 

 succumbed. Various other unsuccessful efforts in Great Britain are 

 mentioned by Millais (1906, vol. 3, pp. 78-79). 



In 1910 and later about 400 Reindeer were introduced from 

 Norway into Jutland, Denmark, but the experiment failed in a few 

 years. 



