474 EXTINCT AND VANISHING MAMMALS 



From the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries various attempts 

 were made to introduce Reindeer into northern Germany, but all 

 came to naught. 



During the last century efforts were made on a small scale to 

 acclimatize Reindeer in the Alps of Austria and Switzerland, but 

 they proved abortive. The same is true of the Gran Paradise 

 National Park in Italy (Laboratorio di Zoologia Applicata a Caccia, 

 in litt., September, 1936) . 



On the subantarctic island of South Georgia a dozen Lapland 

 Reindeer were introduced in 1908 by Capt. C. A. Larsen, subse- 

 quently increasing to 400 or 500. They have also grown to excep- 

 tional size, and have reversed their breeding season to fit the 

 Antipodes. 



In 1908 and 1909 Dr. Grenfell introduced 300 Lapland Reindeer, 

 in two herds, into Labrador. 



We learn from Dr. N. von Transehe (in litt., February, 1937) 

 and from the Latvian Forest Department (in litt., March, 1937) 

 that in 1935 four Reindeer were introduced from Norway and set 

 free in Kolkasrags in Kurland, Latvia. The two bucks soon died, 

 but the two does each had a fawn. A further attempt at acclimati- 

 zation is planned. 



Sakhalin Reindeer 



RANGIFER TARANDUS SETONI Flerov 



Rangijer tarandus setoni Flerov, Jour. Mammalogy, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 337, 



fig. 7, 1933. ("Saghalien.") 

 Fia.: Flerov, 1933, p. 332, fig. 7. 



This endemic subspecies of Sakhalin is "threatened with de- 

 struction" (Miyoshi, in Skottsberg, 1934, p. 411). 



It is "closely allied to the R. tarandus phylarchus by its cranial 

 characters but well distinguished from all Palaearctic wild reindeer 

 by the dark brown color of the belly without whitish area" (Flerov, 

 1933, p. 337) . 



Schrenck (1859, pp. 167-168) speaks of the northern part of 

 Sakhalin as one of the places in the Amur region where the Rein- 

 deer occurs in largest numbers; it extends also in the mountains 

 to the southern end of the island, where it is frequently killed by 

 the Ainus. 



Kuroda (1928, p. 228) records antlers from Chirie, Sakhalin. 



[The domesticated Reindeer of Sakhalin are apparently derived 

 from some mainland stock. According to Schrenck (1859, pp. 169- 

 170), the Oroks on the east coast, from about latitude 49 30' to 

 52 30' N., have a Reindeer culture, using the animals for draft 



