SUMMARY. xi 



Petals five, regular, twisted in bud, large, rose-coloured, jagged and 

 concave on outer edge. Flowers on peduncles from axils of the upper 

 leaves, clustering. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous. Ovary one. 

 Stigmas several ; style-branches numerous. Fruit a ring of carpels. 

 Stipules simple. Upper leaves deeply divided into three or five wedge- 

 shaped segments, which are again freely subdivided and lobed ; lower 

 leaves orbicular, or reniform with broad lobes, serrate. Stem erect, 

 slightly branching ; the whole plant hairy. Hedge-banks and pastures. 

 July, August. Perennial. 



AUTUMNAL HAWK-BIT, APARGIA AUTUMXALIS. Nat. 

 Ord., Composite. Florets all ligulate and perfect, bright yellow. 

 Stamens five, their anthers syngenesious. Receptacle naked. Invo- 

 lucre unequally imbricated, bracts closely appressed, tapering. Pappus 

 feathery, without bristles; brown. Summit of peduncle enlarged. 

 Achene beaked. Flower-stems erect, wiry, branching, bearing single 

 flower-heads, slightly hairy. Leaves long, narrow, pinnatifid, lobed. 

 Meadows and banks. July, August, September. Perennial. 



SPEAR-PLUME THISTLE, CARDUUS (OR cxicus) LAN- 

 CEOLATUS. Nat. Ord., Composite. All the corollas tubular, five- 

 left, homogamous; purple. Stamens five, syngenesious anthers. 

 Ovary one. Style one, sheathed by tube of anthers, branched ; stigmas 

 in rows on the style branches. Receptacle bristly. Achenes com- 

 pressed, glabrous. Pappus plumose, sessile, equal. Involucre im- 

 bricated, ovate, scales spreading, prickly. Leaves decurrent, pinna- 

 tifid, short lateral lobes and longer terminal, all ending in stiff prickle ; 

 under surface grey and cottony. Flower-heads few, standing singly, 

 conspicuous. Stem tall, stout, winged, prickly. Waysides, hedges, 

 pastures. July, August, September. Biennial. 



GREATER CELANDINE, CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. Nat. 

 Ord., Papaveracece. Calyx of two sepals, falling away on expansion of 

 flower. Petals four, oval, bright yellow, crumpled. Stamens numerous. 

 Stigma two-lobed, small. Ovary linear. Pod long and narrow, opening 

 in two valves from the base. Seeds crested. Flowers in umbels on 

 long stalks. Stem and leaves slightly hairy, full of a yellow and very 

 acrid juice : stems brittle. Leaves pinnate, segments ovate, decurrent, 

 coarsely lobed, crenate. Waste ground and hedge-banks. May, June, 

 July, August. Perennial. 



SHINING CRANE'S-BILL, GERANIUM LUCIDUM. Nat 

 Ord., Geraniacece. Calyx angular, pyramidal, of five sepals. Petals 



