SUMMARY. xv 



veined, all radical, fleshy, keeled. Eoot bulbous. Moist meadows. 

 April, May. Perennial. 



COMMON AVENS, GEUM URBANUM, Nat. Ord., Rosacea. 

 Calyx of ten segments, alternate and outer ones very small. Corolla 

 of five equal spreading petals, perigynous, small; bright yellow. 

 Stamens numerous, perigynous ; anthers two-celled. Styles terminal. 

 Carpels numerous, in a compact head, ending in long awns, which are 

 hooked at tip. Stem-leaves sessile, ternate; radical leaves stalked, 

 interruptedly pinnate ; all coarsely serrate. Stem erect, slightly 

 branching, stipules large, foliaceous, serrate. Boot-stock short, 

 slightly creeping, aromatic. Hedges, woods, shady banks. June, 

 July, August. Perennial. 



LARGER KNAPWEED, CENTAVREA SCABIOSA. Nat. 

 Ord., Composite. Florets of the disk perfect; florets of the ray large, 

 funnel-shaped, spreading, irregular, neuter; all the florets purple. 

 Involucre large, ovate, imbricated, the scales green, with a very con- 

 spicuous black fringe. Receptacle bristly. Stamens five; anthers 

 large, purple, syngenesious. Style one, sheathed by, the anthers, fili- 

 form, bifid at apex ; stigmas on inner surface of bifid style. Achenes 

 glabrous ; short pappus. Stem strong, wiry, freely branching. Leaves 

 long, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Roadsides 

 and poor pastures. July, August, September. Perennial. 



COMMON SOW-THISTLE, SOXCHUS OLERACEUS. Nai . 

 Ord., Composites. Florets all ligulate, perfect ; pale yellow. Receptacle 

 naked. Involucre imbricated with two or more rows of unequal 

 scales, tumid, drum-shaped before flowering, conical afterwards, 

 glabrous. Stamens five ; anthers syngenesious. Ovary one. Style one, 

 sheathed by the anthers, filiform, bifid at apex; stigmas on inner 

 surface of bifid style. Achene much compressed, beakless. Pappus 

 soft, filiform. Inflorescnce a corymbose panicle. Stems thick, 

 hollow, tall. Lower leaves pinnatifid, with large terminal lobe ; upper 

 leaves narrow, lanceolate, slightly lobed, stalkless, clasping stem, all 

 serrate. A variable plant; very freely seeding. Gardens, rubbish- 

 heaps, waste ground. June, July, August. Annual. 



