GROWTH AND FATTENING 83 



for growing animals should contain 3 times as much of these mineral 

 constituents as the animals are storing daily in their bodies. On this 

 basis he recommends that during the first year calves receive at least 

 40 to 60 grams of lime and phosphoric acid per head daily; pigs, 12 

 grams each of lime and phosphoric acid per head daily; and lambs, at 

 least 10 grams of lime and 11 grams of phosphoric acid daily for each 

 100 Ibs. live weight. 



Since most of the common feeding stuffs which are rich in protein are also 

 high in phosphorus, probably the phosphorus supply will be ample when 

 rations are fed which are balanced according to the usual feeding stand- 

 ards. 16 The calcium supply for calves and lambs will usually be ample 

 when hay and the cereals constitute the greater part of the ration. De- 

 ficiencies will occur only in districts where the roughages are unusually 

 low in lime, or when large amounts of such roughages as wheat and 

 barley straw or timothy hay, which are low in lime, are fed. Where 

 pigs are fed exclusively on cereal grains, especially on corn, the lime 

 supply will usually be deficient. As has been shown (99-100), where 

 lime alone is deficient it may be supplied in legume hay, which is rich 

 in lime, or in the form of chalk or ground limestone. If phosphorus 

 alone, or both lime and phosphorus are lacking, these may be supplied 

 in the form of ground bone or bone ash or else in ground rock phosphate. 



120. Vitamines required for growth. In the discussion of vitamines 

 in the preceding chapter (104), it has been pointed out that it is just 

 as necessary that the rations of animals contain sufficient of these sub- 

 tances as it is that they contain adequate supplies of protein and mineral 

 matter. Suckling animals will suffer from no lack of the fat-soluble 

 vitamine, since whole milk is rich in it. Also, fortunately, as has been 

 pointed out, good quality roughages are apparently in general rich in 

 this vitamine. Therefore, when foals, calves, and lambs are old enough 

 to eat considerable roughage they will undoubtedly secure plenty of 

 this vitamine. In raising young pigs without forage crops and in raising 

 calves on milk substitutes there apparently is most apt to be a lack 

 of the fat-soluble vitamine. As has been previously stated, the rations 

 ordinarily fed farm animals contain plenty of the water-soluble vitamine. 

 Tho our knowledge concerning the vitamines is as yet fragmentary, many 

 practical bearings on stock feeding have already been discovered. These 

 are emphasized in later chapters. 



121. Requirements for pregnant animals. In considering the feeding 

 of young animals it is important to remember that the influence of the 

 feeder begins before the young are born, for the nutrition of the 

 mother during pregnancy profoundly influences the growth of the 

 fetus and hence the vigor and health of the offspring at birth. To supply 

 the protein and mineral matter, especially lime and phosphorus, needed 

 for the development of the body tissues and skeleton of the fetus, the 

 ration of the mother should contain a larger supply of nutrients than 



"Hart, Steenbock, and Fuller, Wis. Res. Bui. 30. 



