136 FEEDS AND FEEDING 



rations according to the original Wolff-Lehmann standards by the 

 addition of unnecessary amounts of high-priced protein-rich concen- 

 trates. 



189. Morrison (modified Wolff-Lehmann) standards. With these facts 

 in mind one of the authors (Morrison) has combined in one standard what 

 appear in his judgment to be the best guides we have at present in the 

 formulation of rations for various classes of animals. To facilitate the 

 computations, the standards, which are given in detail in Appendix 

 Table V, are expressed simply in terms of total dry matter, digestible 

 crude protein, and total digestible nutrients. Realizing that feeding 

 standards are but approximations, in most cases minimum and maxi- 

 mum figures are given for dry matter, digestible crude protein, and 

 total digestible nutrients. Since progressive feeders thruout the country 

 now appreciate the significance of the nutritive ratio of a ration, the 

 approximate upper and lower advisable limits of nutritive ratios for 

 the different classes have been stated. To correspond with these stand- 

 ards a column has been added to Appendix Table III, showing the total 

 digestible nutrients furnished in 100 Ibs. of each feed. Likewise, so 

 that one may see at a glance which feeds are high and which are low in 

 protein, compared with carbohydrates and fat, the nutritive ratio for each 

 feed has been computed and is given in the table. With these aids it is 

 hoped that the standards presented may be of real assistance to students 

 and feeders who desire to compute rations substantially in accordance 

 with the Wolff-Lehmann 1 method, while recognizing the results of the 

 later investigations in animal feeding. 



The recommendations gathered together in these standards are from 

 many sources. The standards for the dairy cow are based largely upon 

 those formulated by Haecker and Savage. The data for growing, fatten- 

 ing steers are taken mainly from the extensive investigations of 

 Haecker. 21 The figures for fattening 2-year-old steers and for grow- 

 ing, fattening pigs are based chiefly upon studies made at the Wis- 

 consin Station by Morrison 22 of the feeding experiments carried on 

 at American stations. Those for fattening lambs are computed chiefly 

 from the Bull-Emmett standards, based on their study of American 

 feeding trials, and those for work horses are based upon the. investiga- 

 tions of Zuntz and upon American feeding trials. In revising the require- 

 ments for the other classes of animals there have been utilized the Kellner 

 and Armsby standards, which have already been discussed, and the ex- 

 tensive standards of Pott 23 of Germany, which are formulated in sub- 

 stantially the same terms as the Wolff-Lehmann standards. 



"Minn. Bui. 193. 



22 The compilation and computation of data in the study of the pig feeding 

 experiments was, chiefly done by Messrs. M. L. Geraldson and J. G. Poynton, 

 students in the Wis. College of Agriculture. Profs. G. Bohstedt and J. M. 

 Fargo of the same College, assisted in the compilation of still other data upon 

 which these standards are based. 



M Handb. Ernahr. u. Putter., I, 1907, pp. 374-376. 



