LEADING CEREALS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 157 



212. Corn germ meal. The corn germs removed in the manufacture of 

 starch are dried, crushed, and much of the oil pressed out, leaving the 

 residue in cakes. This is exported as corn oil cake, or ground and sold 

 in this country as corn germ meal or germ oil meal. This feed contains 

 somewhat less protein than gluten feed, but much more fat. Corn germ 

 meal is chiefly fed to dairy cattle and swine. (592, 981) 



213. Hominy feed, meal, or chop. This by-product, variously called 

 hominy feed, hominy meal, or hominy chop, is a mixture of the bran 

 coating, the germ (with or without a partial extraction of the oil), and 

 a part of the starchy portion of the corn kernel. It is obtained in the 

 manufacture of hominy, of hominy grits, and of table corn meal by the 

 degerminating process, where the germs are removed from the table meal. 

 It is a carbonaceous feed, similar in composition to corn, but somewhat 

 more bulky. It is slightly lower in nitrogen-free extract, higher in fiber, 

 and contains more fat. While slightly less digestible than corn meal, it 

 is kiln-dried, almost invariably sweet, and keeps better in storage than 

 does corn meal. As it is a bulkier feed than corn meal, it is preferred by 

 many for dairy cows. (577) It is also an excellent feed for swine and may 

 be used as a substitute for corn for cattle or sheep. (749, 847, 943) 



More or less of the germs are now removed from some brands of 

 hominy feed. This, of course, decreases the feeding value, as such hominy 

 feed is lower in protein. 



214. Corn bran. But little corn bran now comes upon the market as 

 such, for, as we have seen, it is usually mixed with other by-products. 

 (209) Corn bran contains about three-fifths as much protein as wheat 

 bran, is somewhat higher than that feed in nitrogen-free extract and fat, 

 and contains slightly more fiber. 



II. WHEAT AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS IN MILLING 



Since it costs more to produce wheat, Triticum sativum, tenax, than 

 corn, and since our population is steadily increasing, it is reasonable to 

 suppose that wheat will never again be used in any considerable amount 

 for feeding stock in this country, as it was at one time. But the feeder 

 should know both its absolute and relative value, for the low grades of 

 wheat had better be fed to stock than sold. 



215. Wheat as a feed. Compared with corn, wheat carries slightly 

 more carbohydrates in the form of starch, more crude protein, and much 

 less fat. Tho low in mineral matter, it contains somewhat more lime, 

 phosphoric acid, and potash than corn. While the nutritive ratio of dent 

 corn is 1 :10.4, that of wheat is 1 :7.7. Tho wheat thus carries a larger 

 proportion of protein, this nutrient is unbalanced in composition, like 

 that of corn. 8 (118) 



That the wheat grain seems to contain some substance which is inju- 

 rious when fed in too large amounts has been pointed out before. (166) 

 Hart et al., Jour. Biol. Chem., 19, 1914, pp. 373-395. 



