LEADING CEREALS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 161 



richer in both protein and total digestible nutrients, they are worth at 

 least 13 per ct. more than standard middlings. Middlings are useful with 

 swine of all ages, but middlings alone do not make an efficient supplement 

 to the cereals for pigs not on pasture. Dairy by-products or tankage 

 should be fed along with middlings and grain to such pigs. 1T (969-70) 



When fed as part of a suitable concentrate mixture, wheat middlings 

 are satisfactory for dairy cows, but bran is commonly preferred. (589) 

 Middlings and shorts alone should never be fed to horses, since they are 

 too heavy and pasty in character and are liable to induce colic. (486) 

 Like bran, both middlings and shorts are low in lime, which should always 

 be supplied by the other feeds in the ration. 



221. Wheat mixed feed. Wheat mixed feed, or shipstuff, is strictly 

 speaking, the entire mill run of the residues of the wheat kernel left after 

 separating the commercial flour. The term is also used for various mix- 

 tures of bran and red dog flour or middlings. On the average, wheat 

 mixed feed is worth 5 to 10 per ct. more than wheat bran, but the value 

 varies, depending on how much red dog flour and middlings it contains. 



222. Screenings. In cleaning and grading wheat at the elevators and 

 mills, there remain great quantities of screenings, consisting of broken 

 and shrunken wheat kernels having a high feeding value, mixed with 

 weed seeds. Many of the latter are nutritious, while others are of little 

 worth, and a few actually poisonous. Poisonous seeds, such as corn 

 cockle, are rarely present in screenings in sufficient quantities to cause 

 ill effects. IJnground screenings will never be used by farmers who seek 

 to keep their land free from noxious weeds, for many such seeds will 

 pass thru the animals uninjured and be carried to the field in the ma- 

 nure. Finely ground screenings are free from this objection. Screen- 

 ings have their place and use, tho, because of their variable character, 

 little of a definite nature can be said concerning them. (850, 954) Along 

 with molasses and the by-products of the distilleries, breweries, flouring 

 mills, oatmeal factories, etc., they are now largely absorbed in the manu- 

 facture of proprietary feeding stuffs. (288) 



The feed control laws of various states require that when screenings 

 are present in feeds the fact be indicated on the label and in some cases 

 the percentage must be stated. Wheat bran with mill run screenings is 

 a trade term for pure wheat bran plus the screenings which were sep- 

 arated from the wheat whence the bran originated. Wheat bran with 

 screenings not exceeding mill run may be either wheat bran with the 

 whole mill run of screenings or with but a portion of the screenings 

 output. 



III. OATS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 



Next to corn, oats, Avena sativa, are the most extensively grown cereal 

 in America. In the southern portion of our country a bushel of oats 

 often weighs only 20 Ibs., while on the Pacific coast it may weigh 50 Ibs. 



"Morrison and Bohstedt, Wis. Bnl. 323, pp. 8-10. 



