LEADING CEREALS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 163 



facturers that the addition of a limited amount of hulls to a heavy con- 

 centrate mixture is beneficial seems reasonable in view of the excellent 

 results secured with the natural unhulled oats. However, the appear- 

 ance of such feeds is no guide to their value or the quantity of hulls 

 present, and they hence should be purchased only on guarantee and on 

 the basis of their actual composition compared with standard feeds. 



After the oats are hulled, the fuzzy material covering the kernels is 

 removed, and the kernels, or groats, are rolled or otherwise prepared for 

 human consumption. The fuzzy material was formerly known as oat 

 dusty but now the term oat shorts is applied to this material plus con- 

 siderable portions of the fine floury part of the kernels removed in the 

 milling process. Oat middlings are the floury portions of the kernels 

 obtained in the milling of rolled oats. Commonly these by-products are 

 used in the manufacture of mixed feeds, or they are combined with more 

 or less of the hulls and sold as oat feed. The composition and value of oat 

 feeds vary widely, depending on the amount of hulls present. These 

 feeds should therefore be purchased only on guarantee of composition 

 and from reputable dealers. The fiber content of any lot indicates the 

 relative amount of hulls contained. (627) 



Clipped oat by-product, or oat clippings, is the by-product obtained 

 in the manufacture of clipped oats. This product, which consists of 

 chaffy material broken from the ends of the hulls, empty hulls, light 

 weight oats, and dust, is used in various proprietary feeds. 



225. Ground corn and oats. This feed, variously called ground corn 

 and oats, ground feed, and provender, is extensively employed in the 

 eastern and southern states for feeding dairy cows and especially horses. 

 In composition it ranges from a straight mixture of good-grade corn 

 and oats to one containing a large proportion of low-grade materials, such 

 as oat hulls, ground corn cobs, and other refuse. The best guide to the 

 purity of this feed is the fiber content. As corn contains only 2.0 per ct. 

 fiber and oats 10.9 per ct., when ground corn and oat feed contains over 

 about 7 per ct. fiber, it has either been adulterated or was made from 

 poor quality oats. Where more than 9 per ct. fiber is present, adulter- 

 ation is certain. 19 This feed should be purchased only on guarantee and 

 from reliable dealers. 



IV. BARLEY AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS IN BREWING 



Barley, Hordeum sativum, is the most widely cultivated of the cereals, 

 growing as far north as 65 north latitude in Alaska and flourishing 

 beside orange groves in California. Once the chief bread plant of many 

 ancient nations, it is now used almost wholly for brewing, pearling, and 

 stock feeding. Richardson 20 found that Dakota barley contained the 

 highest percentage of crude protein, and Oregon barley the lowest. The 

 adherent hull of the grain of ordinary brewing barley or of Scotch 

 barley constitutes about 15 per ct. of its total weight. 



19 Woll and Strowd, Wis. Cir. 47. *U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. of Chem., Bui. 9. 



