OIL BEARING SEEDS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 181 



tains 40 to 50 per ct. crude protein, and is thus more valuable than 

 choice cottonseed meal. Considerable peanut meal is now produced in 

 the United States. This varies quite widely in composition, most of it 

 being from unhulled or only partially hulled nuts. The value depends 

 on the protein content and the proportion of hulls present, as shown by 

 the fiber content. Peanut meal is palatable and has given good results 

 in trials in this country with dairy cows, sheep, and pigs. (606, 856, 979) 

 Too large a proportion of peanut meal may cause soft pork. Meal from 

 unhulled peanuts should be called peanut feed, or ground whole pressed 

 peanuts, instead of peanut meal. These feeds are also known as peanut 

 oil meal and peanut oil feed, respectively. 



Peanut hulls, which accumulate in great quantities at the factories, are 

 sometimes ground and used for adulterating feeding stuffs. This ma- 

 terial, sometimes wrongly called "peanut bran," is over half fiber and 

 less valuable than common straw. 



259. Sunflower seed and oil cake, Helianthus annuus. The sunflower 

 is grown in Russia on a commercial scale, one variety with small seeds 

 producing an oil which serves as a substitute for other vegetable oils. 

 The large seeds of another variety are consumed as a dainty by the 

 people. In tests in North Carolina sunflowers averaged 65 bushels of 

 seed per acre 29 and in Ontario 72.8 bushels per acre, 30 the seed weighing 

 20 Ibs. per bushel. Corn produced over twice as much total digestible 

 nutrients in grain alone, and about as much digestible crude protein. 

 As mentioned later, sunflowers are of promise as a silage crop, especially 

 in the western states. (384) 



Oil cake from sunflower seed has proved a satisfactory feed for all 

 kinds of stock in Europe. Cake from well-hulled seed contains as much 

 crude protein as linseed meal, but has somewhat more fiber. (603) 



260. Cocoanut meal. The residue in the manufacture of oil from the 

 cocoanut, Cocos nucifera, known as cocoanut meal, is lower in crude pro- 

 tein than the oil meals previously discussed, but it contains somewhat 

 more crude protein than wheat bran and much more fat and has a higher 

 feeding value. It is used to some extent by dairymen in the Pacific Coast 

 states and produces butter of good quality and firmness, therefore being 

 well adapted for summer feeding. (602) European experience shows 

 that cocoanut meal may be fed with success to horses, sheep, and swine. 

 (491) Cocoanut meal is produced both by the "old process," in which 

 the oil is obtained by pressure, as from cotton seed, and also by the "new 

 process," in which the oil is extracted by means of naphtha. The "old 

 process" meal is higher in fat and slightly lower in protein than the 

 "new-process" meal. Cocoanut meal, especially that high in fat, has 

 a tendency to turn rancid in warm weather, unless thoroly dry. 



261* Field peas, Pisum sativum. Field peas, including the common 

 Canada peas, succeed best where spring and summer temperatures are 

 "N. C. Bui. 90b. ^Ont. Agr. Col. Rpt. 1913. 



