CHAPTER XI 



MISCELLANEOUS CONCENTRATES FEEDING STUFFS CON- 

 TROL CONDIMENTAL FOODS 



I. Cow's MILK AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS 



As we have seen (115), milk contains a liberal supply of all the nutri- 

 ents necessary for young animals. Milk and dairy by-products are almost 

 wholly digestible and thus have high feeding value, considering the 

 amount of dry matter they contain. The proteins of milk have a greater 

 efficiency for growth than those of any of the grains. (118) Furthermorej 

 whole milk is especially rich in the fat-soluble vitamine. (104) 



265. Whole milk. On account of the value of whole cow's milk, it is 

 rarely fed to stock, except to calves for the first 4 to 6 weeks after birth. 

 (680) One should not hesitate to employ whole milk when needed in 

 rearing an orphan foal or lamb (521, 892), and young stock being pre- 

 pared for exhibition can be forced ahead rapidly by its judicious use. 



Whole milk usually contains from 2 to 3 per ct. of casein, 0.4 to 0.9 

 per ct. albumin and traces of other proteins. It carries from 4 to 5 

 per ct. of milk sugar, which is only slightly sweet, is much less soluble 

 than cane sugar, and has about the same feeding value as starch. When 

 milk sours, some of the sugar is changed to lactic acid, which curdles the 

 casein. This fermentation ceases when about 0.8 per ct. of acid has de- 

 veloped, so that in sour milk usually most of the sugar is still unchanged. 

 As is shown later (552-64) , the percentage of fat varies widely, depending 

 on individuality, breed, and the portion of the milk drawn, the strippings 

 often containing 10 times as much fat as the first-drawn milk. 



266. Skim milk. Because of the protein and ash it carries, skim milk 

 is of high value for building the muscles and bony framework of young 

 animals. Skim milk from centrifugal separators contains about 3.8 per 

 ct. crude protein, 5.2 per ct. nitrogen-free extract, which in sweet milk 

 is practically all milk sugar, and 0.1 to 0.2 per ct. fat. It is thus a highly 

 nitrogenous feed, having a nutritive ratio of 1 :1.5, and should hence be 

 supplemented by carbonaceous concentrates. Skim milk is of the great- 

 est use for feeding young animals when it comes sweet and yet warm 

 from the farm separator. 



Due to the high quality of its proteins, skim milk is a most excellent 

 feed for young animals. (115) Dairymen have found that with care 

 and judgment they can raise just as thrifty- calves when whole milk 

 is gradually replaced by skim milk during the first 4 to 5 weeks, only 

 skim milk being given thereafter, as when the supply^ of expensive whole 

 milk is continued longer. (678) For swine of all ages, and especially 



183 



