186 FEEDS AND FEEDING 



These by-products are generally fed to swine and poultry, ranking 

 next to skim milk and buttermilk as nitrogenous supplements for these 

 animals. (964-6) Mixed with other feeds, they may be fed to horses, 

 cattle, or sheep. (491, 608, 856) When tankage, or meat meal, contains 

 a large amount of bone it should be termed meat-and-bone meal. This 

 product is used chiefly for feeding poultry. 



271. Blood meal. Blood meal, also called blood flour or dried blood, 

 is the richest in protein of all the packing house by-products, usually 

 carrying over 80 per ct. crude protein. As it contains no bone, it is low 

 in ash compared with tankage. Dried blood is particularly useful with 

 young pigs and calves, as a skim milk substitute, or for sickly animals. 

 (684, 967) Its usual high price stands in the way of its common use 

 for other animals, but it has been fed with success to horses, dairy cows, 5 

 and sheep. (491, 608, 856) 



272. Pork cracklings. This residue from the manufacture of lard is 

 not commonly found on the market but may be obtained cheaply from 

 local slaughter houses. Pork cracklings contain over 30 per ct. fat and 

 about 7 per ct. less protein than the best grades of tankage. They are 

 fully as valuable as tankage for swine. 



273. Fish meal; dried fish. For many years in Europe the waste parts 

 of fish, as well as entire fishes not used for human food, have been fed 

 in dried form to stock. Only recently, however, have the better grades 

 of dried fish meal, which resemble tankage in composition, been used to 

 any extent for stock feeding in this country. European experience 

 shows that fish meal can be fed successfully to dairy cows 6 and calves 7 

 and recent trials in this country have proven that it is an excellent 

 protein-rich supplement for swine. (684, 968) 



274. Bone meal. As has been discussed in previous chapters (98-9, 

 119, 149), when rations are deficient in lime and phosphoric acid, these 

 mineral nutrients may be supplied by the various forms of bone meal 

 steamed bone meal, bone flour, or ground bone or even by ground rock 

 phosphate. The latter is less soluble, tho still available to animals. 



III. SUGAR FACTORY BY-PRODUCTS 



In the manufacture of beet sugar, which constitutes over 75 per ct. of 

 the sugar now manufactured in this country, the sugar beets are first 

 washed and then cut into long V-shaped strips. The juice is extracted 

 from these strips by means of warm water, leaving the by-product 

 known as wet ~beet pulp. The juice is next purified by means of lime 

 and in some cases also by sulfur dioxid, and evaporated under reduced 

 pressure until the sugar crystallizes. The grains of sugar are then sep- 

 arated from the residual molasses by centrifugal force. 



8 Lindsey, Mass. Rpt. 1909, Part II, p. 157. 

 ''Trans. Highl. and Agr. Soc., 1888, pp. 112-128. 

 'West of Scotland Agr. College, Bui. 84. 



