436 FEEDS AND FEEDING 



698. Substitutes for milk. Several different concentrate mixtures have 

 been used with more or less success as substitutes for milk in calf feeding. 

 While carbonaceous grains are better supplements to skim milk than are 

 concentrates rich in protein, substitutes for milk must supply an abun- 

 dance of protein, as does milk itself. At the Pennsylvania Station 38 

 Hayward fed calves whole milk for 7 to 10 days and then gradually 

 substituted a home-mixed calf meal consisting of 30 parts wheat flour, 

 25 parts cocoanut meal, 20 parts skim-milk powder, 10 parts linseed meal, 

 and 2 parts dried blood, the mixture costing about 3 cents per pound. 

 One pound of the mixed meal was added to 6 Ibs. of hot water, and after 

 stirring for a few minutes, cooled to blood heat before feeding. With 

 careful feeding the calves receiving the calf meal made as good growth 

 as others fed skim milk. Hayward points out that calves raised upon a 

 milk substitute should have warm, dry quarters as they are apt to be 

 less resistant to disease than milk-fed calves. 



At the North Carolina Station 39 Michels obtained satisfactory results 

 with rolled oats as a substitute for skim milk, while Hooper at the 

 Kentucky Station 40 found calves reared on rolled oats grew less vigor- 

 ously than those fed skim milk. 



At the Indiana Station 41 Hunziker and Caldwell fed 2 lots, each of 10 

 calves, for 6 months from birth, to test the value of home-mixed calf 

 meal consisting of equal parts of hominy meal, linseed meal, red dog 

 flour, and blood meal. Both lots were fed ground oats and corn, alfalfa 

 hay, and corn silage. The calf -meal lot received 1.25 Ibs. meal and 1.25 

 Ibs. whole milk on the average per head daily, and the skim-milk lot, 10.85 

 Ibs. skim milk and 0.76 Ib. whole milk on the average. The calves fed 

 the calf meal, tho making smaller gains than those fed skim milk, were 

 thrifty and vigorous at the end of the trial. 



In later trials at the same Station 42 it was found that a considerable 

 part of the protein in dried blood was not digested by calves. Accord- 

 ingly a calf meal was prepared by mixing 8 parts ground corn, 1 part 

 linseed meal, and 12 parts fresh liquid beef blood, and then drying this 

 mixture at a temperature not above 140 F., so as not to coagulate the 

 blood protein. This calf meal was fed at the rate of 0.4 Ib. per 100 Ibs. 

 live weight, being diluted to 10 times its weight with water. Spitzer and 

 Carr 43 fed a lot of 12 calves the calf meal, with clover hay and a mixture 

 of equal parts ground corn and ground oats. These calves gained 1.18 

 Ibs. per head daily during a period of 140 days, while a lot fed skim milk 

 in place of the calf meal gained 1.73 Ibs. Later, when turned on 

 pasture, the lot which had previously been fed calf meal made nearly 

 as rapid gains as the skim-milk calves. When 18 months old, the calf- 

 meal animals averaged 475 Ibs. in weight, while the skim milk calves 

 averaged 594 Ibs. 



Tenn. Bui. 60. 41 Ind. Bui. 193. 



89 N. C. Bui. 199. 42 Jour. Biol. Chem. 28, 1917, pp. 501-9. 



Ky. Bui. 171. 43 Ind. Bui. 246. 



