Oil-free Leguminous Seeds. 157 



The peanut quickly becomes rancid if taken from the shell and 

 exposed to the air. The by-product in the manufacture of oil from 

 the peanut is used in various European countries for stock feeding. 

 Peanut meal is one of the richest known feeds in the amount of 

 crude protein it yields. Voelcker 1 states that peanut cake proved on 

 trial to be a useful feeding material for cattle, having a value about 

 equal to beans. The worthless peanut hulls which accumulate in 

 great quantities at the factories are sometimes ground and used 

 for adulterating feeding stuffs. 



203. Sunflower seed cake, Helianthus annuus. The sunflower is 

 grown in Russia on a commercial scale, one variety with small seeds 

 producing an oil which serves as a substitute for other vegetable oils. 

 The large seeds of another variety are consumed as a dainty by the 

 people. 



The average of 5 experiments conducted by the North Carolina 

 Station 2 in as many parts of the state showed a yield of 65 bushels 

 of sunflower seed per acre. Mammoth Russian sunflower seed 

 weighed 26.7 Ibs. per bushel, with 21.5 per ct. oil, and Black Giant 

 seed weighed 32 Ibs. per bushel, with 20.8 per ct. oil. Bartlett of 

 the Maine Station 3 concludes that ' * With the same cultivation, corn 

 produces a third more protein and twice as much carbohydrates as 

 sunflower heads. " 



204. Cocoanut meal, Cocos nucifera. The residue in the manu- 

 facture of oil from the cocoanut is known as cocoanut or cocoa meal. 

 It is used to some extent by dairymen in the vicinity of San Fran- 

 cisco. Cocoanut meal has a reputation for producing fine butter of 

 considerable firmness and is therefore recommended for summer 

 feeding to dairy cows. It may be used with advantage for swine 

 and sheep, serving also as a partial substitute for oats with working 

 horses. (642) 



V. OIL-FREE LEGUMINOUS SEEDS. 



205. The Canada field pea, Pisum sativum. The common field or 

 Canada pea succeeds best where the spring and summer heat is mod- 

 erate, as in Canada, the Northern States, and in several of the larger 

 Rocky Mountain valleys. No other widely known grain plant of 

 equal possibilities has been so generally neglected by the farmers of 

 the northern United States. According to Shaw* the province of 

 Ontario, Canada, produces about 14,000,000 bushels of peas annually, 

 averaging over 19 bushels per acre. 



1 Jour. Boy. Soc., 1892. s Ept. 1895. 



2 Bui. 90b. * U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers ' Bui. 224. 



