As regards Japanese Conifers, Andrew Murray's " The Pines and Firs of 

 Japan " (1863) will be found valuable, if only for its excellent illustrations. 



The "Botanical Retrospect" given at pp. 102-105 of Veitch's Manual is 

 valuable. 



Yeitch's Manual of the Coniferce (1900). 



TAXACEJE. 



"Trees or shrubs with homomorphic, rarely dimorphic-, ramification. Leaves 

 persistent, rarely deciduous. Staminate flowers composed of numerous 

 stamens arranged in a globose head or cylindric spike Ovuliferous flowers 

 composed of few or several imbricated scales that are membraneous or become 

 fleshy, never ligneous. Ovules erect or pendulous, surrounded at tne base by 

 a fleshy, rarely desiccate arillus, which wholly or in part encloses the ripe seed ; 

 rarely exarillate. Maturation of fruit annual, rarely biennial." P. 107. 



Tribe SALISBURINE^E. 



Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious. Stamens numerous. Ovules erect. 

 Branchlets dimorphic. Leaves deciduous. 



Staminate flowers umbellate ... ... ... ... ... 1. Ginkgo. 



Branchlets homomorphic. Leaves persistent. 



Staminate flowers crowded ; stamens capitate ... ... 2. Cephalotaxus. 



Staminate flowers solitary ; stamens spicate ... ... 3. Torreya. 



Tribe TAXINGS. 



Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Seed enclosed in a dry testa with or 

 without a fleshy arillus. 



Sub-tribe l.Taxece. 

 Ovules erect or ultimately becoming so. 

 Ovuliferous flowers perulate. 



Branchlets leaf-like, entire or lobed. Leaves on adult 



plant squamiform, deciduous 4. Phyllodadus. 



Branchlets terete. Leaves homomorphic, persistent ... 5. Taxus. 

 Ovuliferous flowers without perulae. 



Branchlets terete, often much subdivided. Leaves 



heteromorphic ... ... ... ... ... ... 6. Dacrydium. 



Sub-tribe 2. Podocarpece. 

 Ovules inverted or ultimately becoming so. 

 Peduncle and bracts concrescent and fleshy. Leaves hetero- 

 morphic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7. Podocarpus. 



Peduncle ligneous. 



Fruits solitary or loosely spicate. Leaves linear 8. Prumnopitys. 



Fruits aggregated. 



Flowers monoecious. Leaves linear and spirally arranged 9. Saocegothcea. 



Flowers dioecious. Leaves squamiform, four-ranked ... 10. Microcachrys. 



CONIFERS. 



"Trees or shrubs, with resinous secretions and homomorphic, rarely 

 dimorphic, ramification. Leaves persistent, occasionally deciduous. Staminate 

 flowers composed of numerous stamens arranged in close-set spirals around a 

 common axis. Seminiferous flowers composed of a central axis on which the 

 ovuliferous scales are inserted spirally or in decussate pairs, rarely in whorls 

 of three ; scales made up of two parts, the bract which is free, adnate at the 

 base, or concrescent, and the seminiferous ligneous, rarely fleshy, lamina 

 bearing two or more erect or pendulous ovules. Seeds 2-9, winged or without 

 wings, and destitute of an arillus." (Veitch's Manual of Coniferce, 2nd 

 Ed., p. 163.) 



