FISHERY HARBOURS. 167 



theless, with the wind anywhere from north round to east, with 

 only a moderate sea, no boats can with safety lie in the outer 

 north harbour, A ; and during rough weather there is consider- 

 able range in the inner harbour, marked B, unless booms are 

 placed across the entrance C, as is usually the case. 



Inconvenience is similarly felt in the south harbour, D, 

 during rough weather, with the wind anywhere from east-south- 

 east round to south-south- west, the range often being very trouble- 

 some, notwithstanding that the entrance is turned away from 

 the waves, and the swell is cut off to a great extent by the cross- 

 wall E, and neutralized by the spending beach F. 



Although the construction of inner basins and spending 

 beaches may, in some cases, but imperfectly accomplish the 

 object aimed at, as will have been gathered from what has just 

 been said, there is probably no more efficient mode of reducing 

 the range in these small harbours than by having recourse to them. 



The system of turning away the main entrance from the 

 waves, to such an extent as to sacrifice safety of access, should 

 without doubt be avoided; and spending beaches and room 

 for wave-expansion should be provided to the fullest possible 

 extent. Apart from their primary object of reducing range, 

 spending beaches, with easy slopes of, say, 1 in 8 or 1 in 10, are 

 very useful for hauling up boats upon during the winter months, 

 or during bad weather, or at other times for purposes of cleaning 

 or repair. 



Swell may be completely excluded from the inner basin of 

 a harbour by closing its entrance with booms, in the manner 

 already referred to. These are usually formed of logs of timber 

 extending across the entrance, and fitting into grooves provided 

 for the purpose at either side of it. The logs are placed one 

 upon the other, and they must be made to extend to the bottom, 

 otherwise the swell will pass under them. 



The requisites for a good fishing harbour are necessarily 

 in many respects identical with those of other harbours, as set 

 forth in Chapter VIII. The value of berthage and quay space 

 seems, however, to point to the adoption of one or other of 

 the vertical types of piers, whenever practicable, in constructing 

 harbours of this class. 



The importance of having an entrance or entrances through 

 which boats can enter and leave without difficulty at all times 

 of the tide, and in any wind, can scarcely be overrated. 



