THE LAMARCKIAN PRINCIPLE 53 



many of the composite, where the flowers of the ray are barren 

 or partly barren and bees may be seen working away at the less 

 showy centre. Why have not their constant stimulations caused 

 the centre of the daisy, for instance, to sprout into startling 

 forms ? and why in the wild guelder rose (Viburnum opulus) 

 are the outer barren florets, which insects do not visit, large and 

 showy, while those in the centre, their hunting-ground, are small 

 and inconspicuous ? 



Finally, if insects by their touch have moulded flowers and 

 given them their present form, to what are the colours due ? 

 We want an explanation that will explain both colour and form. 

 And we have it, as I hope to show later, simply in Natural 

 Selection working on variations. 



The gardener has done great things. How many roses he The 

 has given us ! and setting aside mere number and variety how 

 splendid some individuals are ! He has been the environment to breeder as 

 which roses have accommodated themselves. And yet how can ^ e v n " 

 his taste have acted directly upon them and caused new varieties 

 to arise ? He may have stimulated them with new-fangled and 

 superabundant manure, and change of conditions will, it is 

 known, sometimes cause a plant to start variations. But the 

 character of the variations has nothing to do with the manure. 

 If we apply the whip to a horse, he may kick or rear or gallop. 

 What he does depends on his disposition. The stimulus applied 

 is calculated to cause a development of energy, but it has nothing 

 to do with the way in which the energy will show itself. 



This holds very largely true of the breeder of cattle or horses. 

 The treatment to which he subjects cattle cannot cause them to 

 have perfectly straight backs or to be without horns. The 

 system of training will not turn a carter into a racer or vice 

 verrd. And yet the cattle and the horses become adapted to the 

 taste of the breeder. Whatever the explanation, it is not a 

 Lamarckian one. 



Let us proceed now to the discussion of exercise and see what Exercise 

 results we may fairly attribute to it. It is obvious that a limb origins- 

 may be strengthened. Are not the disciples of Sandow constantly tion of 

 developing the particular muscles that they want ? The lungs or ani 



