Properties of Steam and Ammonia 



THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF STEAM 



Experimental Data. - Recent experimental investigations of the 



various properties of saturated and superheated steam have furnished 



of a high degree of accuracy covering nearly every phase of the 



-iil-r a Mimmary of the more important of these 



1. The relation l>etween the pressure and temperature of saturated 

 n has been established definitely 1>> ihn -e series of experiments made 



respectively by Holborn and Hcnning, Holborn and Haumann, and Sched 

 and Hruse. Tin tlnve series taken together cover the range 32 1 

 tin t ritual temperature. These experiments were conducted at the 

 -.m-:.th with all the resources afforded by modern apparatus and 

 methods of precise measurement. 



2. The relation between volume, pressure, and temperature of super- 

 heated steam has been determined l.y the experiments of Knoblauch, 

 I.inde, and Klein? at the Munich laboratory. These experiments afford 



-factory data for the range of pressure and superheat covered. 



3. A number of experiments have been made to determine the spe- 

 cific heat of superheated steam. Of these, the experiments conducted 

 in the Munich laboratory, first by Knoblauch and Jakob and afterward 



Knoblauch and Mollier, are justly accepted as the most reliable. 

 Similar experiments covering a wider range of pressure are being made 

 by Lanz and Schmidt. 



4. The direct experiment- of Griffiths, Joly. ^mith, Henning, and 

 Dieterici furnish data on the latent heat of saturated steam. 



5. The variation of the specific heat of water has been the subject 



.il investigation-. For the range 32-2l2 F. the experiments 

 of Barnes have been verified by those of Callendar, and they are gen- 

 erally accepted. Above 212 F. precise measurements of this impor- 

 tant pp.prrty are la. kin.;. The only available experiments are those 

 of Regnault and Dieterici, and neither of these can be accepted as 

 thoroughly reliable. 



6. Four sets of experiments on the throttling of steam by Grindley, 



mn, Peake, and Dodge, respectively, furnish valuable data that 

 may be used for various purposes. 



