GOLD IN SOUTH AFRICA AND AMERICA. 59 



ASIA. 



India. Gold is found in a very great many different 

 localities, and both in veins and alluvial deposits. In the 

 Wynaad are gold-bearing reefs running through granitic 

 and metamorphic rocks. 



Ceylm. In veins through chloritic and micaceous rocks. 



SOUTH AFRICA. 



Lydenberg. In fissure veins ; in seams of quartz and crys- 

 talline conglomerate between beds of shales, sandstones, 

 and schists. 



DeKaap Valley. In fissure veins; in nearly vertical beds 

 of quartz and quartzite (sometimes carrying sulphides) be- 

 tween layers of schists and shales. 



Witwatersrand. Chiefly in quartz conglomerate. 



Quartzite separates the reefs in the main reef series. 

 The conglomerate ("banket") consists of whitish or greyish 

 quartz pebbles cemented together by irony quartzose 

 matter in which is the gold ; sometimes the gold is met 

 with as a film on the outside of the pebbles. In some of 

 the other reefs the quartz pebbles are of various colours. 

 As depth is gained, instead of metallic oxides, sulphides 

 are found. Some of the gold is found as crystals. 



The " banket " conglomerates are newer than the schists 

 and shales with compact quartzite (some of which, however, 

 are gold-bearing) occurring in many districts. In West 

 Africa there are formations like those in the Transvaal. 



Elsewhere are reefs in granite, gneiss, slates, &c. 



The Main Reef series crops out at Johannesburg. Half 

 a mile or so south is the Bird Eeef series. Another mile 

 further south is the Kimberley Eeef series. Two miles 

 beyond is the Elsburg series (seven reefs). All these are 

 stratified with quartzites. 



Beyond there are l miles of basaltic rock, then 

 quartzites with the Black Eeef, which is nearly flat^ while 

 the reefs of the former series dip from 40 to 80 South, 

 the strike being nearly E. and W. 



At the outcrops the conglomerate pebbles are not so 



