94 



ALE AND BEKR ALEMBEKT. 



dual enjoyments of tin- In T<M * admitted to the hall 

 of Odin. (Mil trt's Xurt/tt-ni .-lnti,/uitifs, cap. (i, &C.) 

 Tin- m;miil;iruirt' of ale was early introduced into 

 England. It is mentioned in the laws of Ina, king 

 of Wessex ; ami i* jianimlarly specified among the 

 liquors provided for a royal banquet in the reign of 

 li.lw.ird the Confessor. It was customary in tlie 

 reigns of the Norman princes to regulate the price 

 of ale ; and it was enacted, by a statute passed in 

 . tliat a brewer should be allowcnl to sell two 

 gallons of ale for a penny in cities, and three or four 

 gallons for the same price in the country. The use 

 of hops in the manufacture of ale and beer >"rms to 

 lia\e been a Herman invention. They were used in 

 the breweries of the Netherlands in the beginning of 

 the fourteenth century ; but they do not seem to liave 

 been introduced into England till two hundred years 

 afterwards, or in the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 

 tury. In 1530, Henry VIII. enjoined brewers not 

 to put hops into their ale. It would, however, ap- 

 pear, t h,it but little attention was paid to this order ; 

 for in \ ;>:>> hop plantations liad begun to be formed. 

 (tteckmanns Hist. Invent, vol. iv. pp. 336 341. 

 Eng. ed.) The addition of hops renders ale more 

 palatable, by giving it an agreeable bitter taste, 

 while, at the same time it fits it for being kept much 

 longer without injury. Generally speaking, the 

 English brewers employ a mucli larger quantity of 

 hop- than tlie Scottish. The latterare in the habit of 

 n-ing, in brewing the fine Edinburgh ale, from a 

 pound to a pound and a half of hops for every bushel 

 of malt. Previously to 1823 there were only two 

 sorts of beer allowed to be brewed in England, viz. 

 strong beer, tliat is, beer of the value of 16. and up- 

 wards, the barrel, exclusive of the duty ; and small 

 beer, or beer of the value of 16*. a barrel, exclusive 

 of the duty. In 1823, however, an act was passed 

 1 4 Geo. IV. c. 51.) authorizing the brewing, under 

 certain conditions, of an intermediate beer. But this 

 sort of beer was either not suited to the public taste, 

 or, which is more probable, the restrictions laid on 

 the brewers deterred them from engaging extensively 

 in its manufacture. This limitation and classification 

 of the different sorts of ale and beer, according to 

 their strength, originated in the duties laid upon 

 them ; and now that these duties have been repealed, 

 ale and beer may be brewed of any degree of 

 strength. Since the abolition of the beer duties, 

 the regulations, as to the manufacture of ale and 

 beer, are very few and simple-; and consist only in 

 taking out a license, entering the premises, and 

 abstaining from the use of any article, other than 

 malt, in tlie preparation of the beer. A brewer 

 using any place, or mash-tnn, for the purpose of 

 brewing, without liaving made an entry thereof at 

 the nearest excise office, forfeits for every such offence 

 200 ; and all the worts, beer, and materials for 

 making the same, together with the mash-tun, are 

 forfeited, and nay be seized by any officer. Brew- 

 ers obstructing officers shall, for every such offence, 

 forfeit 100. (1 Will. IV. c. 51. & 15, 16.) The 

 duties on ale and beer in Scotland have been for a 

 lengthened period the same as in England. At the 

 union in 1707, th u English duties on ale and beer 

 were introduced into Scotland. But, besides strong 

 and small beer, tlie Scots had an intermediate 

 species, which they called two-penny, and which was 

 their favourite beverage. Tlie duty on this de- 

 scription of beer was fixed, at the union, at 2*. \$d. 

 a barrel. For thirty years after its imposition the 

 quantity of two-penny tliat paid duty was always 

 above 400,000, and sometimes exceeded 500,000 

 barrels a year. But in 1760 the duty on two-penny 

 was increased to 3*. ^d. and the consumption im- 

 oieA'atdy fell off to between 100,000 and 200,000 



iKirrels ! The quantity that paid duly in 1800 amount- 

 ed la 1 l".so;( barrels. The manufacture of this 

 spe.-ir- of beer Ceased entirely ill 1802. 



A-LKK ; the situation of the helm when it is push- 

 ed down to tlie lee -lie of the ship, in order to p it 

 the ship about, or to lay her head to the windward. 



ALM.AMHK, 1'hilip ; an author whose writings 

 afford a great amount of inform ition respecting the 

 order of the Jesuits. He was a Jesuit, born at 

 Brussels, 1592. His li.kiotheque dcs auteurs 

 Jesuites was published at Antwerp, 1643; Vita P. 

 Joannis Cardin. Lusitani ex SK-VI. .le-u, 12im;, 

 Rome, 1649; Heroes et Victima- ( aritatis Soc'ct. 

 Je>u, 4to, Rome, 1658; Mories illn-trcs et gc-ta 

 eorum de Societ. Jesu, qui in Odium l-'idei ah I In- 

 reticis vel aliis occisi sunt, folio, Rome, Ki.07. A. 

 died at Rome, 1652. He was for some time con- 

 fessor of the emperor Ferdinand, and afterward- re- 

 tained at Rome by the general of his order as secre- 

 tary, to prepare the Latin de-patches to Germany. 

 The Bibliotheyue, his chief work, was also published 

 in Latin, Rome, 1675. 



ALEMAN, Matthew, the author of the once po-ui- 

 lar history of "Guzman d'Allarache, the Spani-h 

 Rogue." He was born near Seville, and during 

 tlie reign of Philip II. was much about court. II s 

 work lias been translated into almost every Europe, n 

 language. 



ALEMANNI ; that is, all men, or various sorts of 

 men ; the name of a military confederacy of s- vend 

 German tribes, which, at the commencement of the 

 3d century, approached the Roma:: territory. Their 

 settlements extended, on the east side of the Rhine, 

 from lake Constance, the Elbe and the Danube, to 

 the Maine and tlie 1 .aim. Their neighbours on the 

 east were the Suevi, and, farther on, the Burgttn- 

 dians. The principal tribes composing the Aleinan- 

 nic league were the TeucterL Usipetes, Chatti, and 

 Vangiones. Caracalla first fought with them, on 

 tlie southern part of the Rhine, in 211, but did not 

 conquer them; Severus was likewise unsuccessful. 

 Maxirnin was the first who conquered and drove 

 them beyond the Rhine, in 236. After his death, 

 they again invaded Gaul ; but Posthumius del, 

 them, pursued them into Germany, and fortified the 

 boundary with ramparts and ditches; of which tic 

 mounds near Phoring, on the Danube, the rampart 

 extending through Hohenlohe to Jaxthausen, and 

 the ditch with palisadoes on the north side of the 

 Maine, are remnants. (See Devil's If r all.) But the 

 A. did not desist from their incursions, and were suc- 

 cessively repulsed by Lollianus, the successor of 

 Pbsthumius, by the emperor Probus, in 282, and af- 

 terwards by Constantius Chlorus. Nevertl,* 

 during the disturbances in the empire, and until 

 Constantine became its sole master, they occupied 

 the tract from Mentz to Strasburg. At last, Julian 

 was sent, when Caesar, to Gaul, in 357. He again 

 repulsed the A., and forced their princes, of whom 

 there were then eight, to sue for peace. Their 

 whole force, in the chief battle against Julian, 

 amounted to 35,000 men. When the migration of 

 the northern tribes began, the A. were among the 

 hordes that over-ran Gaul. They spread 

 whole western side of the Rhine, and, in the i 

 half of the 5th century, over all Helvetia. At las; , 

 Clovis broke their power in 496, subdued them, and 

 deprived them of a large portion of their possessions. 

 Many of them fled to Theodoric, king of the Ostro- 

 goths, into Italy and the Alps; the greater part, 

 however, returned to their own country. 



ALEMBERT, Jean le Rond d', one of the most dis- 

 tinguished mathematicians and literary characters of 

 the 18th century, was born in Paris, in 1717, but 

 was exposed by his parents, madame de Tencin and 



